U.K



Historicalevolution

Romanperiod

Earlycivilization

TherewerehumanactivitiesveryearlyontheBritishIsles,Aboutthe13thcenturyBC,IberianscamefromtheEuropeancontinenttosettleinthesoutheasternpartofGreatBritain.

Afterabout700BC,CeltslivinginwesternEuropecontinuedtomoveintotheBritishIsles.OneofthemwascalledtheBritons,andthenameBritainmightbederivedfromthis.TheCeltsareknowntouseirontools,ploughsaretechnologicallyadvanced,andcurrencyhasbeenused.ThedevelopmentofproductiveforcespromptedthegradualdifferentiationofCelticsociety.

RomanInvasion

In54BC,CaesarledtheRomanlegionstoinvadeBritaintwice,andtheywerebothrepelledbytheBritish.In43AD,theRomanEmperorClaudiusIledanarmytoinvadeBritain.AfterconqueringBritain,itbecameaprovinceoftheRomanEmpire.By409,theRomangarrisonwasforcedtowithdrawfromBritain,andRomanruleoverBritaincametoanend.

Medievalperiod

Anglo-Saxon

Atthebeginningofthe5thcentury,aftertheevacuationoftheRomans,theylivednearthemouthoftheElbeinGermanyandDenmarkTheAnglo-SaxonsinthesouthandtheJutesfromtheLowerRhineandotherGermanictribesconqueredBritain.TheAnglescalledBritain"Angland"(homonymousEngland,theoriginofthenameofEngland),whichmeansthelandoftheAnglopeople.OldEnglishinheritedtheirlanguage.

Bythebeginningofthe7thcentury,theinvadershadestablished7powerfulnations:thisperiodisknownasthe"SevenKingdomsEra".WhentheAnglo-Saxonsinvaded,itwasatribalorganization.Duringtheinvasion,theoriginalclanorganizationdisintegrated.Withthedevelopmentofproductiveforces,thelandgraduallybecameprivateproperty,andnobles,largelandowners,dependentfarmersandslavesappeared.Thevillagecommunitybecameaformoftransitionfromthelandownershipoftheclancommunetothefeudallandownership,anditisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofthefeudalizationprocessofBritishsociety.Attheendofthe6thcentury,ChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.TheAmericansrefertotheBritishandtheBritishasAnglo-Saxons.

Danishinvasion

Sincetheendofthe8thcentury,ScandinavianswithDanesasthemainbodyhaverepeatedlyinvadedBritain.

In879,KingAlfredandtheDanesenteredintoatreatytoplacethenortheasternpartofEnglandunderthejurisdictionofDenmark,whichiscalledthe"DenmarkDistrict".Atthebeginningofthe10thcentury,thesuccessorofKingAlfredgraduallyregainedtheDanisharea.Atthebeginningofthe11thcentury,theDanesmadeacomeback.DuringtheDanishoccupation,theprocessofBritishfeudalizationaccelerated.

NormanConquest

EdwardtheConfessorofEnglandhadnoheirafterhisdeath.William,DukeofNormandy,France,invadedin1066andenteredLondoninOctoberofthesameyear.,CrownedasKingWilliamIofEngland,knownas"WilliamtheConqueror"inhistory.

ThepowerfulkingshipestablishedbyWilliamafterhisconquestplayedapositiveroleinconsolidatingthefeudalorder.JohnwasforcedtoaccepttheMagnaCartainJune1215andcompromisewiththefeudallord.TheMagnaCartaisessentiallyafeudaldocumentthatprotectstheinterestsoffeudallords;butitalsohasprogressiveprovisionslikeprotectingcitizens’freedomoftrade.ButJohnsoondeniedthecharter,andcivilwarscontinuedbetweenthemonarchsandhissubjects.

Watt.TaylorUprising

In1380,KingRichardIIcollectedmoneyfromtheBritishandFrenchHundredYearsWarandincreasedthepolltax,whichledtotheoutbreakoftheuprisinginMay1381.TheleaderwasthemasonWalterTaylor,Called"WattTaylorUprising".Althoughtheuprisingfailed,itshooktheBritishfeudalserfdomsystem.Attheendofthe14thcentury,theBritishserfdomactuallydisintegrated.Inthe15thcentury,mostserfsgainedpersonalfreedomandbecameself-cultivatingfarmers.Intermsoftheirlegalstatus,theyweredividedintofreeholdfarmersandpublicaccountholders.Monetaryrenthasbecomethemainformoflandrent,andthefeudalmainclasshasalsochanged.Newaristocratshaveemergedfromwealthypeasants,land-owningmerchants,andsmallandmediumaristocrats,whoadoptcapitalistmanagementmethods.Theruleoftheoldaristocracywasincrisis,andthefeudalchivalrysystemwasgraduallydisintegrating.AftertheRoseWarof1455-1485,thepoweroftheoldaristocracywasgreatlyweakened,creatingfavorableconditionsforthedevelopmentofcapitalistrelations,andHenryVII,whowassupportedbythenewaristocracyandthebourgeoisieAscendedthethroneandbegantheruleoftheTudordynasty.

TheHundredYears'WarbetweenBritainandFrance

ThewarbetweenBritainandFrancebetween1337and1453forterritorialexpansionandthestruggleforthethronewasthelongestwarintheworld,intermittentlyItlastedfor116years.Atthattime,itwastheeraoftheBlackDeath.Underthedoubleblowofwarandepidemic,theeconomiesofBritainandFranceweregreatlytraumatized,andthepeoplewerenotliving.EnglandlostalmostallofitsFrenchterritory,butitalsogaverisetonationalisminEngland.Attheendofthewar,Britainhadembarkedonaroadofcentralization.Afterwards,Englandimplementedthe"ContinentalBalanceofPower"policyontheEuropeancontinentandtransferredtooverseasdevelopment.,Tobecometheworld'slargestempire.

PrimitiveCapitalAccumulation

TheenclosuremovementisoneoftheimportantmeansoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapitalinBritain.EnglandmergedwithWalesin1536.Fromthe15thto16thcenturies,thewoolweavingindustrybecamethe"nationalindustry"ofBritain,andthedemandforwoolincreasedexponentially.Thelandlordschangedtheirfarmsintopastures,andalsoconcentratedsmallrealestatesintolargetractsbyenclosingfieldsoroccupyingcommonlands.Asaresult,alargenumberofself-employedfarmerslosttheirlandandwentbankrupt,becominghomeless.Thekingpromulgatedaseriesofbloodylegislationfrom1530,forcingvagrantstobeemployedbynewaristocratsandcapitalists.Overseaslootingandtradearealsoimportantwaysofprimitiveaccumulation.Afterthe16thcentury,theUnitedKingdomorganizedmanytradingcompaniestocarryoutpiratelooting.Pierofficials,customsofficers,navalofficersandsoldiers,andevenhigh-rankinglocalofficialsallcolludedwithpirates.ThepirateJ.Hawkinstraffickedblackpeopletogetrich,andF.DrakelootedtheSpanishAmericancoloniesunderthepatronageofElizabethI,andfrom1577to1580,hecarriedoutavoyagearoundtheworldthatshockedEurope.In1588,BritaindefeatedSpain'sinvinciblefleetandtookthefirststepinseizingworldmaritimehegemony.

Despotism

In1603,QueenElizabethdiedwithoutanheir.KingJamesVIofScotlandinheritedtheBritishthrone,calledJamesI,andbegantheruleoftheStuartdynasty(1603-1649,1660-1714).Fromthesecondhalfofthe16thcenturytothefirsthalfofthe17thcentury,thecapitalisteconomydevelopedrapidly,andtheincreasinglypowerfulbourgeoisieandnewaristocracybecameincreasinglyunabletotoleratetheautocraticruleofthefeudalmonarchy.However,JamesIandCharlesIignoredthesechangesandinsistedon"sovereignpower",whichintensifiedthecontradiction.InNovember1641,theparliamentpresentedthe"LetterofProtest"totheking;inJanuarythefollowingyear,thekingattemptedtoarresttheleaderoftheoppositionintheparliamentandfledthecapital.InAugust,hedeclaredwarontheparliamentinNottingham.

CromwellledacavalryteamcomposedmainlyofPuritanhomesteadersandhandicraftsmen.TheNewModelArmydefeatedtheroyalistarmyattheBattleofNasbyinJune1645.Thefollowingyear,thekingwascaptured.Attheendof1647,KingCharlesfled.InFebruary1648,theroyalpartytooktheopportunitytoprovokeacivilwar.Underthejointattackoftheindependentsandegalitarians,theroyalpartywasdefeatedandthesecondcivilwarended.InDecember1648,CromwellclearedthepresbyteryfromParliament;onJanuary30,1649,CharlesIwasbeheaded.InApril1653,Cromwelldissipatedtheremnantparliament,andestablishedtheNationalProtectorateGovernmentinDecembertoimplementamilitarydictatorship.

InFebruary1660,theStuartdynastywasrestored.The"GloriousRevolution"thatbrokeoutfrom1688to1689.The"BillofRights"itannouncedrestrictskingshipandexpandsparliamentarypowers,layingthefoundationfortheBritishconstitutionalmonarchy.Sincethen,theBritishparliamentarymonarchyhasgraduallyformedanddeveloped.1707mergedwithScotland.

Renaissance

ComparedtocontinentalEurope,theBritishRenaissanceoccurredlater.However,aftertheTudordynastyandQueenElizabeth,theestablishmentofBritainasanation-state,thevigorousdevelopmentofindustryandcommerce,theever-expandingconnectionwithworldculture,andbreakingthroughtheshacklesoftheHolySee,allofthesehavemadetheBritishRenaissancecometothetop..Attheendofthe16thcenturyandthebeginningofthe17thcentury,the"threegiants"thatemergedinBritain:Shakespeare,BaconandHarveywerethemostoutstandingrepresentativesinthefieldsofart,humanitiesandscienceduringthisperiod.Duringthisperiod,Britishart,humanities,andsciencepenetratedandblendedwitheachother.Whilestrengtheningthelinksbetweendifferentfields,theyalsocontinuedtoenrichanddeepentheirrespectivegardens.

IndustrialRevolution

TheUnitedKingdomwastheworld’sfirstindustrializedcountry.Itwasthefirsttocompletemanyscientificdiscoveriesandinventions,suchassteamengine,penicillin,deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA),DollyandJetenginesandsoon.London'sfinancialmarketattractsmanycompaniesfromallovertheworldtotakeadvantageoftheUK'sbusinessopportunities.Formorethantwohundredyears,variousschoolsandcollegesintheUKhavedevelopedalongwiththecountry’sworld-renownedtechnological,industrialandfinancialrevolution.However,theworld’sexcellenteducationhistoryisevenlonger,datingbacktothe12thcenturywhenOxfordUniversity(1185)andCambridgeUniversity(1209)wereestablished.

ColonialExpansion

TheBritishcolonyexpandedviolentlyinthe19thcentury.Irelandwasmergedin1801,andtheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdombecametheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.TheaggressionagainstAsiacontinuestoexpand.TheBritishEmpirereferstoagreatempirecomposedoftheBritishmainlandanditsdominions,colonies,territories,trustees,andprotectors.Itisthelargestcountryinhistoryandthelargestglobalcolonialempire.Theempirereacheditspeakintheearly19thcentury,withapopulationofabout400to500million,accountingforaquarteroftheworld'spopulationatthattime;theterritorywasabout33.67millionsquarekilometers,accountingforaquarteroftheworld'stotallandarea.AfterthekingdomofSpaininthe16thcentury,theempirewascalledthe"empirethatneversetsinthesun."

Inthemid-19thcentury,BritainlaunchedtwoOpiumWarstoinvadeChina,forciblyoccupiedHongKongIsland,andparticipatedinthesuppressionoftheTaipingRevolutioninChina;suppressedtheIndianNationalUprisingfrom1857to1859andstrengtheneditsruleoverIndia.In1876,theConservativeB.DisraelicabinetcrownedQueenVictoria,makingittheQueenofIndia.Sincethen,BritainhasbeencalledtheBritishEmpireortheBritishEmpire(Indiabecameindependentin1947,andtheBritishmonarchlostthetitleofemperor).Inaddition,ithasexpandeditsaggressioninIran,Myanmar,SouthAfrica,Egypt,EastAfrica,NewZealand,Australiaandotherplaces,andgraduallyinfiltratedSouthAmerica,becomingthelargestinvestorthere.In1867,CanadabecamethefirstautonomousterritoryoftheUnitedKingdom.

WorldWar

Afterthe1870s,Britaingraduallylostitsindustrialmonopoly.TheemergingUnitedStatesgraduallycaughtupwithandsurpassedtheUnitedKingdom,leadingtoanunprecedentedintensificationofcontradictions.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,GermanybecameaBritishcompetitor.Facingtheseveresituation,theBritishgovernmentactivelyexpandeditsarmaments,especiallythenavy.

InordertodealwithGermany,theUnitedKingdomgaveupthe"gloriousisolation"foreignpolicypursuedinthe19thcentury.After1907,the"ThreePowersAgreement"ofBritain,France,andRussiawasactuallyformed.InAugust1914,theFirstWorldWarbrokeout.In1917,BritainfinallydefeatedGermany's"unrestrictedsubmarinewar"andmaintaineditsdominanceofthesea.Inthewar,theBritishempirekilledmorethan500,000peopleinbattle.ThedefeatoftheAlliedPowersheadedbyGermanyendedintheGreatWar,whichwasalsoamajorvictoryfortheUnitedStates.

InSeptember1939,GermanyattackedPoland.WorldWarIIbrokeoutandBritaindeclaredwaronGermany.InApril1940,Churchillformedawartimecoalitioncabinet.AfterChurchillcametopower,heimmediatelyorganizedDunkirktoretreat,broughtthenationaleconomyintowartimeorbit,andrapidlyexpandedarmaments.Inthe"BritishAirWar"launchedbyGermanyfromJulytoSeptember1940,theBritishAirForceeffectivelyattackedtheenemy.BritishandAmericantroopslandedinNormandy,FranceinJune1944,andGermanysurrenderedonMay8,1945.

Post-warperiod

Afterthewar,BritainparticipatedintheformulationandacceptanceoftheMarshallPlanin1947,receivedalotofaidfromtheUnitedStates,andtheeconomygraduallyrecovered.Atthesametime,theLaborPartygovernmentalsoimplementedsomemeasurestoimprovetheconditionsoftheworkingpeople:AftertheSecondWorldWar,BritainwasgovernedbytheLaborPartyandtheConservativePartyinturn.Economicdevelopmentisslow.JoinedtheEuropeanCommunityinJanuary1973.Afterthe1979election,theConservativePartycametopower,andMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstfemaleprimeministerinBritishhistory.Re-electedin1982and1987.TheThatchergovernmentadoptedapolicyofprivatizingstate-ownedenterprises,andhasmadegreatachievementsinrevitalizingtheeconomy.BegintopromotetheprivatizationofsomecompaniesinordertorevitalizetheBritisheconomy.

Afterdecolonizationinthe20thcentury,theBritishoverseasterritoriesgraduallybecameindependent.MostofthemformedapeaceorganizationwithBritainafterindependence-theCommonwealthofnations.

OnSeptember18,2014,the4millionpermanentresidentsofScotlandheldareferendumtodecidewhetherScotlandwillbecomeanindependentsovereignstate.Thereferendumhasbeensettled,ScotlandwillremainintheUK,andtheunityandintegrityoftheUKwillbemaintained.

OnJune24,2016,theresultoftheBrexitreferendumwasfinalized,andtheUnitedKingdomwillleavetheEuropeanUnion.OnOctober28,theUnitedKingdomwaselectedasamemberoftheUnitedNationsHumanRightsCouncilforatermfrom2017to2019.

OnFebruary8,2017,theLowerHouseoftheBritishParliamentvotedtoformallypassthe"Brexit"billsubmittedbythegovernment,authorizingthePrimeMinistertoinitiatethe"Brexit"process.OnMarch16,QueenElizabethIIoftheUnitedKingdomapprovedthe"Brexit"billandauthorizedBritishPrimeMinisterTheresaMaytoofficiallyinitiatetheBrexitprocedure.

OnMarch20,2017,theUnitedKingdomwillformallysubmititsBrexitapplicationtotheEuropeanUniononMarch29,launchingArticle50oftheLisbonTreatytostartBrexitnegotiations.

OnDecember8,2017,theUnitedKingdomandtheEuropeanUnionreachedahistoricBrexitagreement.

OnJune26,2018,QueenElizabethIIapprovedthemostimportantBrexitbillofBritishPrimeMinisterTheresaMay.

OnJanuary23,2020,QueenElizabethIIoftheUnitedKingdomsignedandapprovedthebillsrelatedtothe"Brexit"agreementpreviouslypassedbytheBritishParliament.OnJanuary24,theEuropeanCouncilandthePresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionsignedtheBritish"Brexit"agreement.OnJanuary30,theEuropeanUnionformallyapprovedBrexit.OnJanuary31,theUKofficially"Brexit",endingits47-yearEUmembership.OnDecember24,theEuropeanCommissionannouncedthataftermanyroundsofintensenegotiations,theEUandtheUnitedKingdomfinallyreachedanagreementonaseriesofcooperationrelationsincludingtradethatday,clearingthewayfortheUnitedKingdomtoendthe“Brexit”transitionperiodin2020accordingtotheoriginalplan.Obstacles.

Naturalenvironment

Regionallocation

TheUnitedKingdomisanislandcountrylocatedinWesternEurope.Irelandisafederalislandnation.

BritainissurroundedbytheNorthSea,theEnglishChannel,theCelticSea,theIrishSeaandtheAtlanticOcean.ItfacestheNorthSeaintheeastandfacesBelgium,theNetherlands,Germany,Denmark,andNorway;itbordersIrelandtothewestandfacestheUnitedStatesandCanadaacrosstheAtlanticOcean;itcrossestheAtlanticOceantothenorthandreachesIceland;andtravels33kilometersacrosstheEnglishChanneltothesouthisFrance.Thelandareais244,100squarekilometers(includinginlandwaters).Amongthem,Englandis130,400squarekilometers,Scotlandis78,800squarekilometers,Walesis20,800squarekilometers,andNorthernIrelandis14,100squarekilometers.

Topography

TherearemanylowmountainplateausinthenorthwestofEngland,andtheplainsinthesoutheast.TheThamesisthelargestriverinthecountry.TheSevernRiveristhelongestriverintheUK,withalengthof338kilometers.ItoriginatedinthemiddleofWales.TheriverissemicircularandflowsthroughtheMidwestofEnglandandflowsintotheBristolChannel.TheThamesisthelargestriverintheUK,withadrainageareaof​​11,400squarekilometers,amulti-yearaverageflowof60.0cubicmeterspersecond,andamulti-yearaveragerunoffof1.89billioncubicmeters.Thegeographicalpositionofthebasinis2°08'westlongitudeto0°43'eastlongitude,and51°00'to52°3'northlatitude.

Climaticcharacteristics

Britainhasatemperateoceanicclimate.TheUnitedKingdomiscontrolledbytheprevailingwesterlywind,anditismildandhumidthroughouttheyear,withlittlechangeinthefourseasons.Thevegetationisatemperatedeciduousbroad-leavedforestzone.Usuallythehighesttemperaturedoesnotexceed32℃,thelowesttemperatureisnotlowerthan-10℃,theaveragetemperatureis4~7℃inJanuaryand13~17℃inJuly.Theaverageannualrainfallisabout1,000mm.Theannualprecipitationinthenorthernandwesternmountainousareasexceeds2,000mm,whilethecentralandeasternpartsarelessthan800mm.ThedriestmonthsarefromFebruarytoMarch,andthewettestfromOctobertoJanuaryofthefollowingyear.TheUnitedKingdomisaffectedbywesterlywindsandtheoceanallyearround,andtheclimateismildandhumidthroughouttheyear,suitableforplantgrowth.AlthoughtheclimateinBritainismild,theweatherischangeable.Inaday,itissunnyandrainy.

Naturalresources

Waterresources

Thamesscenery(9photos)

TheaverageannualrunoffvolumeofBritishriversItisabout159billioncubicmeters,andthepercapitaoccupationisabout2,700cubicmeters.ThedegreeofindustrializationintheUKisveryhigh.Thedevelopmentandutilizationofwaterresourcesismainlytoimprovethedomesticwaterconsumptionofurbanandruralpeople,andtodevelopindustry,inlandnavigation,aquacultureandwatertourism.ThetotalannualwaterconsumptionintheUKis11.511billioncubicmeters,ofwhichpublicwateraccountsfor47.3%,irrigationwateraccountsfor0.3%,andotherindustriesaccountfor52.4%.Thepercapitadailydomesticwaterconsumptioninurbanandruralareasis322liters.Attachesgreatimportancetosewagetreatment.Since1973,sewagetreatmenthasbecomeapartoftheentirewatersupplysystem,andthetreatmentofwasteandsewagehasreachedaveryhighlevel.Britainistherepresentativeofprivatizationandmarketizationofurbanwaterindustryintheworld.

Three-quartersofthefreshwaterintheUKiscollectedfromlakes,reservoirsandriversinthemountains.Aboutaquarterofthisisgroundwater.Thequalityofdrinkingwaterisveryhigh.However,fromthesummerof1995tothespringof1997,EnglandandWalesexperiencedthedriestperiodintwoyearsofhistory,andwaterisnolongeraresourcethatcanbearbitrarilyused.Theleakageofthewatersupplypipeisanotherproblem.Relativelyspeaking,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandstillhaveabundantdomesticfreshwaterandindustrialwaterresources.Inordertopreventtheshortageofwaterresourcesinthefuture,thegovernmentpromulgatedaten-pointplaninMay1997,whichprivatewaterindustrycompanieshaveagreedtoabideby.

PlantResources

In2011,theUKforestcoveredanareaof​​3.08millionhectares,accountingfor12.6%ofthelocalarea.

Animalresources

TheUKhasabundantanimalresources.In2007,theBritishgovernmentbegantoimplementawildlifeprotectionplan.Asof2007,thereare1,149endangeredwildanimalsintheUK,andhedgehogs,harvestingRats,Atlanticsalmonandsparrowswereincludedforthefirsttime.TheBritishgovernment’swildlifeprotectionplaniscalledtheBiodiversityActionPlan,whichcontainsalistofmammals,birds,insects,invertebrates,fish,marinelifeandfungithatneedtobeprotected.InSeptember2006,550hedgehogsweresenttotheWildlifeHospitalnearEldsbury,thecapitalofBuckinghamshireinsouth-centralEngland,forsupervision.

MineralResources

ThemainmineralresourcesintheUKarecoal,iron,oilandnaturalgas.Thetotalreservesofhardcoalare170billiontons.Theironreservesareabout3.8billiontons.TherearetinminesontheCornwallPeninsulainthesouthwest.ThereisalargeamountofrocksaltinCheshireandDurham.Staffordshirehashigh-qualityclay.WhiteclayisproducedinCornwall.DolomitecanbeminedontheeastslopeofthePennineMountains.TherearequartzminesneartheSilderleyHillsinsouthwestLancashire.TheoilreservesintheNorthSeashelfoftheUnitedKingdomarebetween1billionand4billiontons.Thenaturalgasreservesareabout860-2,585billioncubicmeters.

Administrativedivisions

Divisions

TheUnitedKingdomisdividedintofourparts:England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.Englandisdividedinto43counties.Scotlandhas32districts,including3specialjurisdictions.Walesconsistsof22districts.NorthernIrelandconsistsof26districts.

Region

Administrativelevel

Name

Remarks

England

UrbanCounty

GreaterManchester

Merseyside

SouthYorkshire

Tynewell

WestMidlands

WestYorkshire

45countiesinthehistoryofEnglandwereabolishedin1974andchangedto6metropolitancountiesand39non-urbancountiesCounty(non-metropolitancounty)(Greater-Londonisaseparateadministrativeunit)

non-metropolitancounty

p>

Evan

Bedfordshire

Berkshire

BuckinghamCounty

Cambridgeshire

Cheshire

ClevelandCounty

Cornwall

EburyAsiaCounty

Derbyshire

DevonCounty

Dorset

Durham

DongsarSexCounty

Essex

Gloucestershire

Hampshire

HerefordWorcester

Hertfordshire

Humbersideshire

IsleofWight

Kent

LancashireCounty

Leicestershire

Lincolnshire

Norfolk

NorthYorkshire

NorthamptonCounty

NorthumberlandCounty

Nottinghamshire

Oxfordshire

Shropshire

SaMerset

Staffordshire

Suffolk

Surrey

Warwickshire

WestSussex

Wiltshire

Wales

Kluyd

Defender

Gwent

Guinet

MiddleGlamorgan

Powys

SouthGlamorgan

WestGlamorgan

The13countiesinWelshhistorywereabolishedin1974andchangedto8newcounties

Scotland

Jurisdiction

FrontierRegion

CentralRegion

DumfriesandGallowayDistrict

FifeDistrict

GrampianDistrict

HighDistrict

LothianDistrict

StrathclydeDistrict

TaysideDistrict

The33countiesinScottishhistorywereabolishedin1975andchangedto9jurisdictionsand3islands

p>

Islandarea

OrkneyIslands

ShetlandIslands

WesternIslands

NorthernIreland

County

AntrimCounty

p>

ArmaCounty

DawnCounty

FermanaCounty

Londonderry

Tyrone

NorthernIrelandisdividedinto6counties

Capital

TheBritishcapital,London,islocatedontheplainsinsoutheastEngland,acrosstheThames,88kilometersfromtheThamesestuary.Asearlyas3000yearsago,theLondonareawaswheretheBritishlived.In54BC,theRomanEmpireinvadedGreatBritain.In43BC,LondonwasthemainmilitarystationoftheRomansandbuiltthefirstwoodenbridgeacrosstheThames.AtthattimeLondonwascalled"Londinum".WiththeriseofBritishcapitalism,thescaleofLondonexpandedrapidly.In1500,thepopulationofLondonwasonly50,000.In1600,thepopulationincreasedto200,000,andto700,000in1700.Inthe18thand19thcenturies,Londonhadbecometheworld'slargestfinancialandtradecenter.In1900,thepopulationofLondonincreasedto2million.Inthe1960s,thepopulationofLondonreachedmorethan8million.In2001,thepopulationofLondonwas7.188million.ThepopulationofLondonin2011was8.2million.ThepopulationofLondonin2018was8.908million.ThehottestmonthisJuly,andthetemperatureisusually16to24°C;thecoldestmonthisJanuary,andthetemperatureisusually5to9°C.

Nationalsymbol

Countryname

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,themainbodyisEngland,soitiscustomarilycalledtheUnitedKingdom(theUnitedKingdomwasoriginallytheabbreviationoftheKingdomofEngland),ItistheUnitedKingdomcomposedofEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.TheBritishEmpire(laterrenamedtheCommonwealth)isknownastheempirethatneversets.TheBritishIslesrefertoEngland,ScotlandandWales.SinceNorthernIrelandislocatedontheislandofIreland,manyotherislandsaretoosmalltobeincluded.

Nationalflag

Britishflag(2sheets)

TheBritishflag(English:UnionJack)ishorizontalandrectangular,andtheratiooflengthtowidthis2:1,knownasthe"RiceFlag",consistsofadarkbluebackgroundandredandwhite"Rice"characters.TheredcrosswithawhiteborderintheflagrepresentsthepatronsaintGeorgeofEngland,thewhitecrossrepresentsthepatronsaintofScotlandAndrew,andtheredcrossrepresentsthepatronsaintofIrelandPatrick.Thisflagwasproducedin1801.ItisformedbytheoverlapoftheformerEngland'sredpositivetenflagonawhitebackground,Scotland'swhitecrossflagonabluebackground,andNorthernIreland'sredcrossflagonawhitebackground,forminga"rice"character.TheWelshflagisnotintegratedintotheBritishflag.Welshhasagreenandwhitebaseandaredfiredragon.

TheNationalEmblem

TheBritishNationalEmblemistheCrownEmblem.Thecenterpatternisashieldemblem.Theupperleftandlowerrightcornersoftheshieldarethreegoldenlionsonaredbackground,symbolizingEngland;theupperrightcornerisaredlionstandingontheupperhalfofagoldbase,symbolizingScotland;thelowerleftcornerisabluebackgroundwithgoldTheyellowharpsymbolizesNorthernIreland.BothsidesofthecoatofarmsaresupportedbyalionwearingacrownandrepresentingEnglandandaunicornrepresentingScotland.SurroundingthecoatofarmsistheGarterMedal.ThereisasayinginFrenchthatmeans"Itisshamefultohaveevilthoughts";thelowerhangingribbonreads"ThereisGodinheaven,andIhavetheright."Thetopofthecoatofarmsisagoldandsilverhelmetwithjewels,animperialcrownandalionwearingacrown.

NationalAnthem

"GodSaveTheQueen"(GodSaveTheQueen),usuallyonlythefirstparagraphissung.Ifthereignisamalemonarch,thenationalanthemischangedto"GodSaveTheKing"."GodBlesstheKing"isthenationalanthemandroyalhymnoftheCommonwealthcountries.Theauthorisananonymoussongwriter,andthecomposerisHenryCarre.

Themeaningofthelyrics:Godblessthequeen,wishheralonglife,andGodblessthequeen.ChangShengli,MuRongguang;Fupopular,happyheart;governingthecountry,WangYunchang;Godblessthequeen!

NationalStone

DiamondshavealwaysbeenregardedasthecrownofgemsbytheBritishwhoemphasizedgraceandtemperament.Amongallgemstones,becausediamondshavethehighesthardness,Britishmenliketousediamondstorepresenttheirsteadfastnessandcourage;whilewomenarewillingtousediamondsasametaphorfortheirholinessandnobility.TheBritishhavelongregardeddiamondsasaloveaffairbetweenmenandwomen.ThiscustomwasquicklyadoptedbytheWesternworldandspreadtotheEast.WiththeexpansionoftheUnitedKingdom,thecolonistsdidnotforgettoattributethediamondsfromallovertheworldtotheirown.Britainhasacollectionoftherarestandmostpreciousdiamondsintheworld.

NationalFlower

Rose.IntheWaroftheRoses,theLancasterroyalfamilywasrepresentedbyredroses,andtheYorkroyalfamilywasrepresentedbywhiteroses.ThepoweroftheYorkroyalfamilywasdefeatedbytheLancasterroyalfamily,butthetwosidesreconciledthroughmarriageafterthewar.Therefore,therepresentativesofthetworoyalfamilies,thesetwokindsofrosesmergedintoone,andbecamearedrosewithwhitestamens.Asaresult,thewhiteheartandredrosebecameasymbolofEnglandandgraduallybecameasymbolofEngland.

Population

Asof2016,thetotalpopulationoftheUKis65.58million.TheofficiallanguageisEnglish.WelshisalsousedinnorthernWales,andGaelicisstillusedinpartsoftheNorthwestHighlandsofScotlandandNorthernIreland.ResidentsmostlybelieveinProtestantChristianity,mainlydividedintotheChurchofEngland(alsoknownastheAnglicanChurch,whosemembersaccountforabout60%ofBritishadults)andtheChurchofScotland(alsoknownasthePresbyterianChurch,with590,000adultmembers).TherearealsolargerreligiouscommunitiessuchastheCatholicChurchandIslam,Hinduism,Sikhism,JudaismandBuddhism.

Politics

Government

TheUKgovernmentisaparliamentaryconstitutionalmonarchy.Thekingistheheadofstate,thesupremesheriff,thecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforces,andthe"supremeleader"oftheAnglicanChurch.Formally,hehasthepowertoappointandremovetheprimeminister,ministers,seniorjudges,militaryofficers,governorsofvariousterritories,diplomats,bishops,andtheBritishSaints.Seniorclergyoftheguild,etc.,andhavethepowertoconvene,suspend,dissolvetheassembly,approvelaws,declarewarandotherpowers,buthaverealpowerinthecabinet.Parliamentisthehighestjudicialandlegislativebody,composedoftheking,theupperhouseandthelowerhouse.

TheConstitution

TheBritishConstitutionisnotanindependentdocument,butiscomposedofstatutorylaws,customarylaws,andconventions.TherearemainlyMagnaCarta(1215),Habeascorpus(1679),BillofRights(1689),ParliamentaryLaw(1911,1949),andsuccessiveamendmentstotheElectoralLaw,MunicipalAutonomyLaw,andCountyCouncilLaw.Thegovernmentisaconstitutionalmonarchy.Themonarchistheheadofstate,thesupremesheriff,thecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforces,andthe"supremeleader"oftheAnglicanAnglicanChurch.Formally,hehasthepowertoappointandremovetheprimeminister,ministers,seniorjudges,militaryofficers,governorsofvariousterritories,diplomats,bishops,andtheUnitedKingdom.TheseniorclergyoftheAnglicanChurchalsohavethepowertoconvene,suspendanddissolveparliaments,approvelaws,anddeclarewarandpeace,buttheyhaverealpowerinthecabinet.Scotlandhasitsownindependentlegalsystem.

Judicial

AlljudgesintheUKadoptanappointmentsystem.TheLordChancellor,Judges’HouseofLords,andCourtofAppealJudgesarerecommendedbythePrimeMinisterandappointedbytheKingofEngland.ThereisnoMinistryofJusticeintheUK,andjusticeshavethepowertoappointandremovejudicialofficers.Thejudgemustbeabarristerofthe"lawassociation"andhaveacertainnumberofyearsofjudicialpractice.Onceajudgeisappointed,hecannotgenerallyberemovedfromofficewithouthisconsent.JudgesoftheSupremeCourthavetenure.Districtcourtjudgescanretireafter72yearsofage.Judgesarewellpaid.

Politicalparties

TheBritishpoliticalpartysystemhasbeenanimportantpartofBritishconstitutionalgovernmentsincethe18thcentury.

ThemainpoliticalpartiesintheUKare:

(1)ConservativeParty:ThelargestpartyinParliament.LeaderBorisJohnson,electedinJuly2019.ThepredecessoroftheConservativePartywastheToryPartyestablishedin1679.Itwasrenameditscurrentnamein1833.From1979to1997,hewasinpower4timesfor18consecutiveyears.AftertheBritishelectioninMay2010,theConservativePartyregaineditsrulingstatusandformedacoalitiongovernmentwiththeLiberalDemocraticParty.Supportersgenerallycomefromthecorporateworldandtheaffluentclass.Advocatingafreemarketeconomy,strictlycontrollingthemoneysupply,reducingpublicexpenditure,reducinginflation,restrictingtradeunionrights,andstrengthening"law"and"order".

(2)LaborParty:Thesecondlargestpartyintheparliament.Establishedin1900,theoriginalnamewastheLaborRepresentativeCommittee,andin1906itchangedtoitscurrentname.From1997to2010,hewasinpowerfor13consecutiveyears.Lostinthe2010and2015generalelectionsbecametheoppositionparty.InSeptember2015,JeremyCorbynwaselectedthenewleader.Inrecentyears,theLaborPartyhastendedtopaymoreattentiontotheinterestsofthemiddleclass,andtoacertainextentisalienatedfromtradeunions.Advocatemaintainingstablemacroeconomicgrowthandestablishingamodernwelfaresystem.Diplomatically,headvocatesactiveparticipationininternationalcooperation,regardsrelationswiththeUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionasthetwomajordiplomaticpillars,supportstheintegrationoftheEuropeanUnion,andopposesBritain’sseparationfromtheEuropeanUnion.

OtherpoliticalpartiesintheUnitedKingdominclude:theScottishNationalParty,theLiberalDemocratParty,theWelshNationalParty(PlaidCymru),theGreenParty,andsomeNorthernIrelandpartiessuchas:UlsterUnionistParty,DemocraticUnionistParty,SocialDemocraticandLabourParty,SinnFein,etc.

Dignitaries

QueenElizabethII(QueenElizabethll).Thefullnameis"TrustGodHun,QueenElizabethIIoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandotherterritoriesandterritories,theheadoftheCommonwealth,andtheprotectorofChristianity."

PrimeMinisterBorisJohnson,borninJune1964,graduatedfromOxfordUniversity.In2001,hewaselectedasamemberofthelowerhouseofparliament.ElectedMayorofGreaterLondoninMay2008andre-electedin2012.Hewasre-electedasamemberofParliamentin2015.FromJuly2016toJuly2018,heservedasMinisterofForeignAffairs.InauguratedasPrimeMinisterinJuly2019andre-electedinDecember.

Economy

Overview

London(4photos)

TheUnitedKingdomasanimportanttradingentity,economicpowerandThefinancialcenteristhefifthlargesteconomicsystemintheworldandoneoftheworld'srichestcountrieswiththemostdevelopedeconomyandthehigheststandardofliving.Inthepastthreedecades,thegovernmenthassubstantiallyreducedstate-ownedassetsandsloweddownthedevelopmentofsocialwelfareprograms.Inthe18thcentury,theBritishnativewheatbegantoloseouttothecheapwheatinNorthAmerica.TheygaveuplargequantitiesofwheatandimportedalargeamountofgrainproductsfromtheAmericas.Theygraduallyshiftedtothedairyindustry,whichwasrelativelyconcentrated,highlymechanized,andveryefficient:1%oflabor.Thepopulationcanmeetapproximately60%offoodneeds.

InthethreemonthstoFebruary2015,thenumberofunemployedpeopleintheUKdroppedby76,000to1.84million.ThenumberofpeopleapplyingforunemploymentbenefitsinMarchalsofellby20,700to772,400.TheunemploymentratehasdroppedtoitslowestlevelsinceJuly2008.

InNovember2020,theUK'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)fellby2.6%month-on-month,endingthesix-month-on-monthgrowthtrend.

Industry

ThemainindustriesintheUKare:mining,metallurgy,chemicals,machinery,electronics,electronicinstruments,automobiles,aviation,food,beverages,tobacco,textiles,paper,printing,Publishing,construction,etc.Biopharmaceuticals,aerospaceanddefensearethefocusofBritishindustry'sresearchanddevelopment,andtheyarealsothemostinnovativeandcompetitiveindustriesintheUK.Likemanydevelopedcountries,withthecontinuousdevelopmentoftheserviceindustry,theBritishmanufacturingindustrybegantoshrinkinthe1980s,andthetwoeconomicrecessionsinthe1980sandearly1990saggravatedthissituation.AmongtheBritishmanufacturingindustries,thetextileindustryisthemostsluggish,butelectronicandopticalequipment,man-madefibersandchemicalproducts,especiallythepharmaceuticalindustry,stillmaintainstrongstrength.

Serviceindustry

Theserviceindustry,includingfinancialinsurance,retail,tourismandbusinessservices,isthepillarindustryoftheBritisheconomy.AsofAugust2014,theoutputvalueoftheBritishserviceindustryaccountedforaboutdomesticThree-quartersoftheGDP.In2012,theUK'stradeinservicestotaled305.85billionpounds,orapproximately486.3billionUSdollars.

AsofAugust2014,theUnitedKingdom’stourismrevenueranksfifthintheworld,secondonlytotheUnitedStates,Spain,FranceandItaly.ItisoneofthemostimportanteconomicsectorsintheUnitedKingdom.9.1%oftheemployedpopulation.In2012,therewere31.08millionvisitorsfromtheUK,withrevenueof18.6billionpounds,orabout29.5billionUSdollars.Americantouristsrankfirstamongoverseastourists,followedbyFrance,Germany,Ireland,Spain,theNetherlands,ItalyandPoland.Londonisamust-visitplaceforforeigntourists.Themaintouristareasare:London,Edinburgh,Cardiff,Brighton,Greenwich,Stratford,OxfordandCambridge.Themaintouristattractionsare:operahouses,museums,artgalleries,ancientbuildings,themeparksandshops.

Agriculture,animalhusbandryandfishery

TheBritishagriculture,animalhusbandryandfisherymainlyincludeanimalhusbandry,grain,horticulture,andfishery,whichcanmeetnearly2/3ofthetotaldomesticfooddemand.However,agricultureaccountsforlessthan1%oftheUK’sgrossdomesticproductandemploysabout450,000people,whichislessthan2%ofthetotalemployment,whichislowerthantheaveragelevelof5%inEUcountriesandlowerthanothermajorindustrialcountries.Agriculturallandaccountsfor77%ofthecountry'slandarea,mostofwhicharepasturesandpastures,andonly1/4areusedforfarming.Theaverageagriculturalpopulationowns70hectaresofland,whichisfourtimestheEUaverage.BritainwasonceoneofthelargestfishingnationsintheEuropeanUnion,withacatchthataccountsfor20%oftheEU's,whichmeetstwo-thirdsofdomesticdemand.

Finance

TheUKisthelargestnetexporteroffinancialservices,withover40%ofexportsgoingtotheEuropeanUnion.TheUKstartsanewfinancialyearonApril1everyyear.Governmentbudgetexpendituresincludepublicexpenditures(centralgovernmentandlocalgovernmentexpenditures),debtinterestpaymentsandfinancialadjustments.Fiscalbudgetrevenueincludesthreeitems:directtax,indirecttaxandnationalinsurancetaxrevenue.

Londonisaworld-renownedfinancialcenterwithamodernfinancialservicesystem.Itisengagedinmultinationalbanklending,internationalbondissuance,fundinvestmentandotherbusinesses.Itisalsotheworld’slargestforeignexchangemarket,thelargestgoldspottradingmarket,andthelargestderivativeItalsohasthelargestnumberofbranchesorofficesofforeignbanksintheworld’sthirdlargestinsurancemarket,animportantshiploanmarket,andanon-preciousmetaltradingcenter.TheCityofLondonemploysnearly400,000people,andmorethan550multinationalbanksandmorethan170internationalsecuritiescompanieshaveestablishedbranchesorofficesinLondon.

TheBankofEngland:Establishedin1694,itbecamethecentralbankoftheUnitedKingdomin1946,thefirstcentralbankintheworld.

HSBCHoldings:the20thlargestcompanyintheworld.

RoyalBankofScotland:The36thlargestcompanyintheworld.

ScotlandBankofHalifax:The45thlargestcompanyintheworld.

BarclaysBank:The70thlargestcompanyintheworld.

XiangDongkanjoinstheAsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank

TheUnitedKingdom(2015)submittedtoChinaonMarch12asafoundingmemberofitsintentiontojointheAsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(HereinafterreferredtoastheAIIB)confirmationletter,formallyapplytojointheAIIB.The(China)MinistryofFinancestatedthattheUKisexpectedtobecomeafoundingmemberoftheintentionnextmonth(April2015).WhentheUnitedStatesandJapan"coldlyrejected"theAIIB,theparticipationoftheUnitedKingdomgavetheinstitutionmoreofaninternationalfinancialinstitutioncolor.

TheUnitedKingdomwillbecomethe28thmemberstate.

Foreigninvestment

TheUKhasalwaysbeenanimportantexporterofinternationalcapital.Thisfeaturebecamemoreprominentwiththeremovalofforeignexchangecontrolsin1979andthediscoveryoftheNorthSeaoilfield.Inthefirsthalfofthe1980s,theamountofBritishforeigninvestmentwascomparabletothatoftheUnitedStatesandJapan,butwiththeeconomicrecessionintheearly1990s,Britishforeigninvestmentalsofellsharplyandthenbegantorisesharply.TheUK'sforeigndirectinvestmentranksfirstamongEUcountries.In2003,theBritishTradeBureauwasrenamedthe"TradeandInvestmentBureau",underwhichtheBritishTradePartnersBureauandtheInvestmentBureauwereestablished.

Investmentpromotion

TheBritishgovernmentencouragestheattractionofforeigninvestment.ForeigninvestmentprojectsintheUKaremainlycomputersoftware,informationtechnology,Internet,e-commerce,electronicsandcommunications,medicineandbiotechnology,managementindustry,automobiles,foodandbeverages,etc.Investmentformsincludeacquisitions,mergersofexistingenterprises,expansionofproductionscale,establishmentofscientificresearchbasesormultinationalcompanies,etc.TheUnitedStatesisthelargestinvestorinBritain,andChina'sinvestmentinBritainhasgraduallyincreased.AmongthecountriesthatinvestedintheUKfrom2011to2012,Chinajumpedfromseventhtothird,withaninvestmentincreaseof55%.Inordertosupportthegrowthofthistrend,theBritishgovernmenthassetupUKTrade&Investment(UKTrade&Investment)officesthroughoutChina.TheUKTradeandInvestmentAgencyisanagencyestablishedbytheBritishgovernmenttoprovidefull-serviceservicesforBritishcompaniesengagedintradeandforeigncompaniesinvestingintheUK.TheUKTradeandInvestmentAgencywasformerlyknownastheUKInternationalTradeAgency.ItwaschangedtothepresentinOctober2003.name.Accordingtothelateststatisticsin2013,UKTIhas235professionalserviceteamsandexpertsworldwideand1,265overseasstaff.TheBritishTradeAreaInvestmentAgencyhasofficesintheBritishEmbassyinBeijing,andtheBritishConsulatesinShanghai,Guangzhou,andChongqing.TheycanprovidealargenumberofprofessionalfreeservicesforChinesecompaniesinvestingintheUK.

ForeignTrade

TheUKhastraderelationswithmorethan80countriesandregionsintheworld,andthemaintradepartnersaretheEuropeanUnion,theUnitedStatesandJapan.Tradeinserviceshasbeeninsurplussince1966,withasurplusofUS$83.6billionin2008.Themainimportedproductsare:food,fuel,rawmaterials,clothing,footwear,electronicmachineryandequipment,automobiles,etc.Themainexportproductsare:petroleumandrelatedproducts,chemicalproducts(includingpharmaceuticalproducts),tobacco,beverages,machineryandequipment,etc.TheEuropeanUnionisBritain'slargesttradingpartner.AccordingtodatareleasedbytheUKNationalBureauofStatistics,theUK'sforeigntradedeficitingoodsandservicesreached3.3billionpounds(about5.31billionUSdollars)inJuly2014.

Culture

Language

TheUnitedKingdomhasnoofficiallanguageinname.Infact,Englishisthemainlanguage.Thereareotherofficiallanguages​​outsideofEngland.Forexample,WelshisalsousedinnorthernWales,andGaelicisstillusedinpartsoftheNorthwestHighlandsofScotlandandNorthernIreland.PeoplefromallovertheworldwhohaveimmigratedtotheUKalsospeaktheirnativelanguages,suchasBengali,Chinese,Hindi,PunjabiandUrdu.TheUKhasthemostHindispeakersoutsideofIndia.

Religion

IntheUnitedKingdom,everyoneenjoysreligiousfreedom.Therefore,variousreligiousbeliefsareflourishinginvariouscentralareasoftheUnitedKingdom.Therearetwo"official"churchesintheUK:theChurchofEngland(TheAnglicanChurch)andtheChurchofScotland(ThePresbyterianChurch).Inaddition,variousreligionsandcountlessdenominationscanfindtheirrepresentativesintheUK.ResidentsmostlybelieveinProtestantChristianity,mainlydividedintotheChurchofEngland(alsoknownastheAnglicanChurch,whosemembersaccountforabout60%ofBritishadults)andtheChurchofScotland(alsoknownasthePresbyterianChurch,with590,000adultmembers).TherearealsolargerreligiouscommunitiessuchastheCatholicChurchandIslam,Hinduism,Sikhism,JudaismandBuddhism.

AccordingtoasurveyconductedbytheBritishHumanitiesAssociationin2011:2/3ofBritonsdonotrecognizethemselvesasbelievers.

AccordingtotheBritish"Guardian"reportonSeptember4,2017,asurveyshowedthatthenumberofyoungChristiansintheAnglicanChurchisfallingsharply,andonly15%ofBritishadultsconsiderthemselvestobeAnglicans,53%ofadultshavenoreligiousbeliefs,arecordhigh.

Sports

Rugby

In1895,someleague-stylerugbyclubsinnorthernEnglanddecidedtoturntheirathletestoprofessionalplayers,soTherehasbeenasituationwheretheUnitedRugbyandtheUnionRugbywillfightagainsteachother.Britishclubshaveachievedgoodresultsinthe"HeinekenCup"-alsoknownasthe"EuropeanCup".ThecompetitionbetweentheEnglishRugbyClassicandtheCelticLeagueisfierce,soticketsaresoldouteveryweek.TheRoyalBankofScotlandSixNationsChampionshipSixis​​heldfromJanuarytoFebruaryeveryyear.TheRugbyWorldCupheldeveryfouryearsisthebiggesteventinrugby.The2007championshipwaswonbytheSouthAfricanteam.

Football

TheUnitedKingdomisthebirthplaceofmodernfootball.MajorfootballmatchesincludetheEnglishPremierLeagueandtheScottishPremierLeague.In1848,the"CambridgeRules",thefirstwrittenruleofmodernfootball,wasborn.OnDecember1,1863,agroupofCambridgearistocratsvotedandfinallyledtothebirthofmodernfootballrules.ModernfootballimmediatelyoriginatedonthelawnofCambridgeUniversity.FootballiscalledfootballinBritishEnglishandsoccerinAmericanEnglish.ItisoneofthemostfavoriteentertainmentactivitiesofBritishpeople.TherearemanyfootballclubsintheUKwithhundredsofyearsofhistory.

Cricket

Cricket,alsoknownaswoodenball,iscalledthe"gentleman'sgame".Twoteamsof11attackanddefendalternately.Ofateamsport.ItsmodernformoriginatedintheUnitedKingdomandprevailedintheUnitedKingdom,Australia,NewZealand,India,SriLankaandothercountries.Thecricketseasonismainlyinthespringandsummer,whichisjustcomplementarytotheautumnandwinterfootballgames.Theoriginofcricketcanbetracedbacktothebeginningofthe13thcentury.Theearliestrulesofthegamebeganinthe18thcenturyandgraduallybecameoneofthemainformsofmen'ssports.Thegametimeisverylong.Acrickettestmatchis6hoursormoreperdayandlastsupto5days.Thereisalsoabreakforlunchandtea.Thecricketterminologyisnumerousandtherulesofthegamearecomplicated,whichtroublescricketlaymen,butforthefans,thesportisfullofpassionandfun.

Filmandtelevision

Britishfilmworksincludethe007series,"TheEnglishPatient","FourWeddingsandOneFuneral","HarryPotter"and"TombRaider",etc..TheUKproducesmorethan90filmseachyear,withanetoutputvalueof800millionpounds.ThecontinuedprosperityofdomesticandforeignfilmproductionprojectsdependsontheexcellenttechnologypossessedbytheUnitedKingdom.ThestimulusoffundsandtaxeshasattractedmanydomesticandforeignfilmmakerstoproducefilmsintheUK.IndustryexpertsattributethesuccessoftheBritishfilmindustrytothefollowing:therearemanytalentedactors;skilledandprofessionaltechniciansandproductionteams;topfilmstudios,post-production,visualeffectsandsoundequipment;andeasyaccesstoPermissionforshootingonmultipleoccasions.The"HarryPotter"seriesarewell-knowninBritishfilms.The2013Britishfilmsincludeworkssuchas"TwelveYearsasaSlave"and"Gravity".

Festivals

TheScienceFestivalbeganin1883andisheldonceayear.

ScienceWeekbeganin1994andisheldeveryMarch.

OnNewYear’sEveintheUnitedKingdom,peopleoftenbringpastriesandwinetovisit.Theydon’tknockonthedoorandwalkstraightintotheirrelativesandfriends’homes."NewYear'sEveBall"isanotherkindofcelebration.

Food

Britishpeoplegenerallyprefercookingmethods:braising,grilling,fryinganddeep-frying.Thereareuniquewaysofcookingmeat,seafood,andgame;thereisaspecialpreferenceforbeef,suchasROASTEDBEEF,whichnotonlyincludesseasonalvegetablesandbakedpotatoes,butalsoaddstothesteak.Alittlemustardsauce;Ilikecreamandwineascondiments;Ilikefreshspicessuchasmeatballsandcinnamonasspices.

Britishpeopleareveryparticularaboutbreakfast.Britishrestaurantsserveawidevarietyofmeals,includingjuice,fruit,eggs,meat,porridge,bread,jamandcoffee.Nowadays,thepopularhightea(HIGHTEA)alsocomesfromtheUnitedKingdom.Themorewell-knownonesaretheVictorianstyle(VICTORIANSTYLE),whichincludesallkindsofsnacks,spongecakes,fruittarts(TARTE)andsandwiches.DinnerisalsothemostimportantpartofdailylifeforBritishpeople.Theyusuallychoosealatemealtime,andtheyeatanddrinkwhilechattingtopromotethefriendshipbetweenthediners,andadinnerisforthemSaiditmighttakeseveralhours.

Grilledsteak

ThisisamasterpieceofBritishcuisine.Itismadebyroastingalargepieceofrawbeefwithoilintheoven.Likesteak,whenyouorderthisdish,thewaiterwillaskyouwhetheryoulikeitraworcooked.Thecookedbeefcanbedippedinwesternmustardsauce,andtheYorkshirepuddingisalsofamousasasidedish.

FishandFrenchfries

Thisisthe"McDonald's"intheUK,whichisacheapandconvenientfood.Friedfishismostlyplaiceorcod,whichiseatenwithsaltorvinegar(manyBritishpeopleuseboth)togetherwithFrenchfries,andisverypopularamongordinarypeople.

VictoriaSpongeCake

Britishsocietyhasalong-standingtradition-afternoontea.Victoriaspongecakeisaclassicmust-haveforBritishafternoontea.ItisnamedafterQueenVictoria'sfavoritewayofeatingspongecake(alayerofcreamandalayerofjam).

Bitterbeer

BitterbeeristhemostrepresentativebeerinBritain.Itischaracterizedbyitslowalcoholcontent.Itissuppliedatthecellartemperatureandcanbefermentedinjustafewdays.Inthe20thcentury,inordertoenjoygreaterdiscounts,manybarsbecamefranchisestoresforspecificwineryproducts.Withitsfastproductioncycle,bitterbeerhasundoubtedlybecomeamagicformulaforbreweryoperatorstoimprovebeersupplyefficiency.

EtonMax

EtonMaxisadessertmadefromstrawberries,creamandmeringue.ItoriginatedfromthearistocraticschoolEtoninWindsor.study.Onetheoryisthatin1796,EatonCollegeanditsoldrivalWinchestermetinacricketmatchforthefirsttime,andthedessertEatonMaxappearedonthetableatthattime.Anotherversionisin1920.OnthecampusopendayofEtonCollege,aLabradordogsatontheblanketoftheowner'spicnicandflattenedtheowner'sstrawberrycreammeringuetocreateEatonMax.DessertEatonMaxhasbecomesynonymouswithsummerinEngland.

Military

NationalDefense

TheestablishmentoftheBritishArmywasaboutthemid-17thcentury.ThequeenisthenominalsupremecommanderoftheBritisharmy.Thehighestmilitarydecision-makingbodyisthe"NationalDefenseandOverseasPolicyCommittee".ThePrimeMinisterservesasthechairman.ThemembersincludetheMinisterofNationalDefense,theMinisterofForeignAffairs,theMinisteroftheInterior,andtheMinisterofFinance.Whennecessary,theChiefofStaffofNationalDefenseandtheChiefsofStaffoftheArmedForceswillattendthemeetingasnonvotingdelegates.TheMinistryofNationalDefenseisthenationaldefenseexecutiveagency,whichisnotonlytheadministrativedepartmentofthegovernment,butalsothehighestmilitarycommand.TheUnitedKingdomisthefoundingcountryandmainmemberoftheNATOGroup.Itisalsooneofthefivenuclearpowersandhasanindependentnuclearpower.

ThecoreoftheBritishnationalstrategyistoactivelyparticipateinworldaffairsandmaintaintheUK’sinternationalstatus;relyonanduseNATO’scollectivedefenseforcestoprotectthesecurityofEuropeandtheUK,andtoexpandtheUK’sinfluenceinEurope;StrengthentieswiththeCommonwealthcountriesandprotecttheirextensiveoverseasinterests.

Britishforceshavebasesaroundtheworld,suchasNorthernIreland,Cyprus,Germany,Gibraltar,Brunei,andtheFalklandIslands.

OnJune25,2018,thedefenseministersoftheEuropeanUnion9includingFrance,Germany,andtheUnitedKingdomsignedthe"EuropeanInterventionInitiative"letterofintentinLuxembourg,promisingtoformaEuropeanjointmilitaryinterventionforce.

MilitaryPower

TheBritishmilitaryindustryisdeveloped,andthemodernlevelofweaponsandequipmentranksamongtheworld'sadvanced.Themilitaryindustryhasaconsiderablescale,acompleterangeoftypes,andastrongtechnicalforce.Ithastheabilitytoindependentlydevelopvariouslarge-scaleweaponsandequipment,includingstrategicnuclearweapons,andsomeofitstechnologiesandequipmentrankfirst-classintheworld.Britainisamajorexporterofweaponsintheworld.Themainexportcategoriesincludemilitaryaircraft,tacticalmissiles,combatshipsandmilitaryelectronicequipment.

TheRoyalNavyiscomposedofsurfacenavalforces,navalaviation,marines,andsubmarineforces,withfourmajorfleets.Ithas121surfaceships.OnJuly4,2014,thelargestactive-dutyaircraftcarrier"QueenElizabeth"inthehistoryoftheBritishNavywasofficiallylaunched.

TheBritishArmyisoftendeployedoverseastoparticipateingroundcombatforces,multinationalcoalitionforces,orrelatedoperationsofUnitedNationspeacekeepingforces.

TheRoyalAirForceistheairforcearmoftheBritishArmy.ItwasfoundedonApril1,1918.Sincethen,ithasplayedanimportantroleinBritishmilitaryhistoryandhasplayedanimportantroleintheSecondWorldWarandtheIraqWar.Playthekeyrole.TheBritishAirForcehasmorethan450aircraftand200,000standingsoldiers.

Militaryexpenditure

TheUnitedKingdomhasthethirdlargestmilitaryexpenditureintheworld.Thedefensebudgetforthe2010-2011fiscalyearisapproximately36.9billionpounds(approximatelyUS$59billion).ThegovernmentestimatesthattheMinistryofDefensewillfaceabudgetdeficitof38billionpounds(US$60.8billion)inthenext10years.

Arms

Army:TheBritishArmyhas40battalions,andthetotalnumberofpersonnelremainsat117,000.Thearmydeploysquickly,movesflexibly,andhasstrongcombateffectivenessandresilience.

AirForce:TheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbytornadoairsuperiorityfighters,withabout300aircraft,groundattackaircraftincluding50Jaguars,60Falconverticaltake-offandlandingfighters,andEagleattackfighters150.,TheBritishNavyhas40Falconverticaltakeoffandlandingfighters,atotalofmorethan600,andGermanyandWestjointlydevelopedthe"EuropeanJointFighter"EFABritainwillintroduceabout250.

Navy:Withaircraftcarrierasthecore,destroyerescort,nuclearsubmarineorsubmarine,itiscalledtheglobalpresencenavy(OceanNavy)(theabovedataisin2004).

Transportation

Overview

Britishtransportationinfrastructureisrelativelycomplete.Land,railway,waterandairtransportationarealldeveloped.Londonhasaverydevelopedsubwaynetwork.TheAnglo-Frenchsubmarinetunnelwasopenedin1994,connectingtherailsystembetweentheUKandtheEuropeancontinent.AftertheCamerongovernmentcametopower,itlaunchedahigh-speedrailplan.TheBritishgovernmentplanstoinvest32billionpoundstobuildahigh-speedrailnetworkconnectingLondonandBirminghamtoNorthEngland.Constructionisexpectedtostartin2017andbecompletedin2026.

Railway

Theprivatizationwascompletedin1997.Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,thetotallengthoftheBritishrailwaywas16,600kilometers.In2006,thetotalrailwaypassengervolumewas46.497billionperson-kilometers;thetotalfreightvolumewas22.1billionton-kilometers.TheNationalRailwayandtheLondonUndergroundrespectivelybear49%and44%oftherailwaysystem'straffic,andtherestisbornebythelightrail.

In2012,theBritishgovernmentapprovedtheBritishHighSpeed​​RailwayNo.2,theHS2project,tobuildtheLondon-Birminghamhigh-speedrailway,theBirmingham-Leedshigh-speedrailway,andtheBirmingham-Manchesterhigh-speedrailway.

Highways

ThetotallengthofBritishhighwaysis397,000kilometers,ofwhich3701.5kilometersarehighways,whichbear21%ofthetraffic;47,300kilometersareA-classhighways,whichbear45%ofthetraffic.Traffic.AsoftheendofJune2019,thetotalnumberofregisteredmotorvehicleswas38.7million,and728,000newmotorvehicleswereaddedinthesecondquarterof2019.

Watertransportation

TheUKinlandwaterwayhasatotalof3,200kilometers,ofwhich620kilometersareusedforfreight.TheThamesisthebusiestinlandwatercanal,followedbytheForthRiver.Seatransportundertakes95%offoreigntradetransportation.In2007,therewere474merchantshipsover1,000tonsintheUK,withagrosstonnageof11.724milliontons.In2007,thetotalthroughputofBritishportswas583milliontons,withexportsof218milliontonsandimportsof365milliontons.TherearemanylargeandsmallportsintheUK,ofwhich100areimportantcommercialports,and52portshaveanannualthroughputofmorethan1milliontons.Portswithathroughputofmorethan10milliontonsare:Grimsby-Immingham,London,Tees-Hartpool,Foss,Milford-Haven,Southampton,Liverpool,Salonworth,thePhilippinesLikesto,Dover,etc.Throughthedevelopmentofshippingfinanceandmaritimeservices,theUKhasmaintaineditsstatusasaglobalshippingpricingcenterandmanagementcenter.LondonistheheadquartersofinternationalshippingorganizationssuchastheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationandtheInternationalShippingFederation.

Airfreight

AllairlinesandmostairportsintheUKareprivatecompanies.In2007,thereweremorethan50airlineswith952aircraftinservice,carrying24.1millionpassengers,passengermileageof314billionkilometers,andfreighttransportationvolumeof54.181billiontons.BritishAirways(BritishAirways)isoneoftheworld'slargestairlines,withmorethan300aircraft,anditsroutescoverabout220citiesinmorethan90countriesandregions.Thereare449airportsintheUK,35ofwhichhaveanannualpassengerflowofmorethan100,000.ThelargestairportintheUKisLondonHeathrowAirport,whichisalsothelargestinEuropeandoneofthelargestandbusiestintheworld,with80.9millionpassengersin2019;GatwickAirportisthesecondlargestairportintheUK,with46.6millionpassengersin2019.OnDecember11,2015,theBritishgovernmentpostponeditsdecisiononwhethertobuildanewrunwayatHeathrowAirport.TheconstructionofathirdrunwaywillalsoconnecttheUKto40newdestinations.Butthisassessmentreportsaidthatthenewrunwayshouldreducetheenvironmentandnoise.

Society

Technology

TheUKisoneoftheworld’simportantresearchanddevelopmentbasesforhigh-techandhighvalue-addedindustries,andscientificresearchinvolvesmanyscientificfields.AsofAugust2014,theUnitedKingdomhas1%oftheworld’spopulationand5%oftheworld’sscientificresearchwork,with9%publishedacademicpapersand12%citations,secondonlytotheUnitedStates.Thenumberofinternationalawardwinnersaccountsforabout10%oftheworld.Thereare78NobelPrizewinnersinscience,rankingsecondintheworld.Stronginbiotechnology,aviationandnationaldefense.

Education

England,WalesandScotlandimplementacompulsoryeducationsystemfor5-16yearsold,andNorthernIrelandimplementsacompulsoryeducationsystemfor4-16yearsold.Compulsoryeducationisinchargeoflocalgovernments,whilehighereducationisinchargeofthecentralgovernment.

Britishattachesgreatimportancetotheimprovementofeducationandscientificresearch,andcontinuestoincreaseinvestmentineducation.Studentsinpublicschoolsinprimaryandsecondaryschoolsareexemptfrompayingtuition,accountingformorethan90%ofthetotalnumberofstudents.Privateschoolshavebetterteachersandteachingequipment,butthefeesarehigh.Mostofthestudentsarechildrenofwealthyfamilies,accountingforabout7%ofthetotalnumberofstudents.TheEnglishblindnessrateisonly1%.

About40%ofmiddleschoolgraduatescanreceivehighereducation.Therearemorethan110universitiesandcollegesofhighereducationinthecountry.Well-knowninstitutionsofhigherlearningincludeOxfordUniversity,CambridgeUniversity,ImperialCollegeLondon,LondonSchoolofEconomics,UniversityofStAndrews,UniversityCollegeLondon,UniversityofWarwick,UniversityofManchester,UniversityofEdinburghandCardiffUniversity.Therearecurrentlymorethan300,000overseasstudentsstudyinginBritishcollegesanduniversities.

Britishisoneoftheworld'simportantresearchanddevelopmentbasesforhigh-techandhighvalue-addedindustries,anditsscientificresearchinvolvesalmostallscientificfields.With1%oftheworld’spopulation,5%oftheworld’sscientificresearchisengagedin,9%ofpublishedacademicpapersand12%ofcitations,secondonlytotheUnitedStates.Thenumberofinternationalawardwinnersaccountsforabout10%oftheworld,andmorethan90NobelPrizewinnershaveemergedsofar,rankingsecondintheworld.Ithasstrongcompetitivenessinbiotechnology,aviationandnationaldefense.In2017,theBritishgovernment'sR&Dinvestmentaccountedfor1.69%ofGDP.Compulsoryeducationsystemfor5-16yearsold.

Medical

TheBritishNationalHealthService(NHS)wasestablishedin1948bythethenLaborPartygovernmentandhascontinuedtoprovidefreemedicalservicestoallpeople.

AccordingtostatisticsfromtheWorldHealthOrganization,in2011,thetotalmedicalandhealthexpenditureintheUKaccountedfor9.4%ofGDP.Accordingtopurchasingpowerparity,thepercapitamedicalandhealthexpenditurewas3364USdollars.From2006to2013,therewereanaverageof28doctors,89nursingandmidwiferystaff,6dentists,and7pharmacistsper10,000people.From2006to2012,therewereanaverageof29hospitalbedsper10,000people.

Newsmedia

AsofAugust2014,thereareabout1,350newspapers,7,000weeklymagazinesandmagazinesintheUK:"DailyExpress","DailyMail","DailyMirror"TheDailyStar,TheSun,TheFinancialTimes,TheDailyTelegraph,TheGuardian,TheIndependent,TheTimes,WorldNews,SundayExpress,SundayMirror,SundayMail"ThePeople'sDaily","TheSundayTelegraph","TheObserver","TheSundayTimes","TheEconomist"andsoon.InthesixmonthsbeforeMarch2004,theBritishDailyhadaweeklycirculationof12.7millioncopiesandaSundaycirculationof14millioncopies.

ThenewsagenciesmainlyincludeReuters,NewsAssociationandAFXNewsCo.,Ltd.Thereare5televisionstationscoveringthewholecountrythroughterrestrialtransmission,namelytheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC),thethirdchannelBritishindependenttelevision(ITV),thefourthchannel(Channel4),thefifthchannel(FIVE)andspecificallyfortheWelshregionAnduseS4CinWelsh.Inaddition,therearesatelliteTVandcableTV,suchasSkyTV.

Diplomacy

ForeignPolicy

Britishlandscape(20photos)

TheUnitedKingdomisapermanentmemberoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilItisoneofseveralnuclearpowersintheworld,andanimportantmemberstateof120internationalorganizationssuchastheEuropeanUnion,NATO,theCommonwealth,andtheWesternEuropeanUnion.AdvocatestrengtheningrelationswiththeUnitedStatesandrealizingcommoninterests.Attachimportancetothedevelopmentofrelationswithotherbigcountries,andstrivetoimproverelationswithChina,Russia,Indiaandotherbigcountries.StrivetomaintaintraditionaltieswithCommonwealthcountries,maintainandexpandinfluenceindevelopingcountries.Activelyparticipateinglobalaffairs,maintainastrongnationaldefenseforce,andemphasizefreetrade.Strengtheninternationalcooperationonissuessuchasenvironmentalprotection,humanrights,andsustainabledevelopment.Puthumanrightsissuesatthecoreofitsforeignpolicy.

ForeignRelations

RelationswithEurope

InJanuary1960,inordertofightagainsttheEuropeanCommunity,theUnitedKingdomandAustria,Denmark,Norway,andPortugal,Switzerland,andSwedenformallysignedthe"EuropeanFreeTradeAssociationTreaty."Duetotheuneveneconomiclevelsofthememberstatesandtheimplementationoflooseintergovernmentalcooperation,itisdifficultforthealliancetocompetewiththeEuropeanCommunity.In1961and1967,BritainappliedtojointheEuropeanCommunitytwice,butwasnotapproved.Attheendof1972,Britainwithdrewfromthealliance.In1973,theUnitedKingdomjoinedtheEuropeanCommunity.However,thedifferencesanddifferencesbetweentheUnitedKingdomandtheEuropeancountrieshavenotbeentrulyresolved,andtheUnitedKingdom'sattitudetowardstheEuropeanCommunityisstillfullofuncertainty,whichhaslaidhiddendangersforthesubsequentoutbreakofcontradictionsbetweenthetwosides.TheEuropeandebtcrisisthatbrokeoutin2009rewrittentheexternalenvironmentandinternalstructureoftheUK-EUrelationship,notonlyrapidlyfermentingBritain'ssuspicionofEurope,butalsospeedingupthepaceofBrexit.OnJune23,2016,theUnitedKingdomheldareferendum,and52%ofvoterschose"Brexit".OnJanuary31,2020,theUnitedKingdomofficiallywithdrewfromtheEuropeanUnion.

RelationshipwiththeUnitedStates

BeforethefoundingoftheUnitedStates,theUnitedStateswasaBritishcolony,andtheAmericanWarofIndependencebrokeoutbetweentheUnitedStates,andBritainandtheUnitedStatesareinawarrelationship;

DuringWorldWarII,BritainandtheUnitedStatesformedanalliance.AfterWorldWarII,theyarebothNATOmembers,andthetwocountriesareinaNATOalliance.

RelationshipwithIreland

IrelandandtheUnitedKingdomsignedalandmarkmutualexemptionagreementforshort-termvisasbetweenthetwocountriesonOctober6,2014,allowingTouristsandbusinesspeoplefromnon-EUcountriessuchasChina,India,andRussiacanuseonevisatotravelthroughthetwoislandcountrieswithouthindrance.

RelationswithFrance

InNovember2010,theBritishandFrenchgovernmentssignedamilitarycooperationagreement,agreeingtocreateajointforce,shareaircraftcarriers,andDevelopnewnucleartestfacilities.

RelationshipwithChina

InJanuary1950,theBritishgovernmentannouncedtherecognitionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.

OnJune17,1954,ChinaandBritainreachedanagreementonmutualagency.

OnMarch13,1972,thetwocountriessignedajointcommuniquéonthepromotionofdiplomaticrelationsattheambassadoriallevel.

InSeptember1982,BritishPrimeMinisterThatchervisitedChinaasthefirstincumbentBritishPrimeMinister.

InDecember1984,Mrs.ThatchervisitedChinaagain,andthetwocountriessignedtheSino-BritishJointDeclarationonHongKong.

InOctober1986,QueenElizabethIIofEnglandpaidastatevisittoChina.ThisisthefirstvisittoChinabyaBritishheadofstateinhistory.

OnJuly1,1997,ChinaandBritainsuccessfullycompletedthehandoverofHongKong'sreturnofpower.

In1998,theheadsofgovernmentofthetwocountriessuccessfullyexchangedvisitsandestablishedacomprehensivepartnership.

InOctober1999,PresidentJiangZeminpaidastatevisittotheUnitedKingdom.ThiswasthefirstvisitbyaChinesePresidenttotheUnitedKingdom.

OnthemorningofNovember9,2010,BritishPrimeMinisterCameronarrivedinBeijingandbeganhisofficialvisittoChina.

FromJune16to19,2014,LiKeqiangpaidanofficialvisittotheUK.

Specialties

ScotchWhiskey

BritishScotchwhiskyhasalonghistory.ThespecialwaterqualityoftheScottishHighlandsandtheextremelystrictbrewingprocessmakeThewhiskeyproducedthereisknownas"liquidgold".

TeddyBear

TeddyBearhasaroundandplumpfigureandlimbs,fluffyandgentleangorawool,simplematerialsandEmbroiderythread,honestexpression,and100%handsewingandstuffingoperations.

Silverware

Britishsilverwareisverygorgeous,well-madeandcomplicated,andispopularwithtouristsfromallovertheworld,especiallysilverChristmastablewareInadditiontobeingbeautiful,therearemanyvarieties,fromcandleholderstoknivesandforkstoplates.TheproductionofthistypeofsilverwareisalsoatraditionalBritishcraftsmanship.

Leatherproducts

Britishleatherproductshavealonghistory.Therefinementandimprovementofthepastdynastiesformacontemporarystyle.Britishleatherproductsalwayswanttoshowasteadyandrefinedgentlemantemperament.

WedgewoodCeramics

Britishartceramicshasstrongdemand.TheUnitedKingdomistheearliestcountryinEuropetoproduceceramics,andceramicsaremorecommonlyusedintheUnitedKingdom.Inadditiontoitsownlargeexportofceramics,Britainalsoimportsalargenumberofceramics.BonemagnetsarethemostfamousintheUK.Thetoptenfamousmagnetsintheworld(bonemagnets)areallintheUK,focusingonthedurabilityoftheproducts.WidowwoodPorcelainhasundergonedifferentendurancetests,includingtheworldrecordsetinSeptember1988.FourWidowwoodcoffeecupswerecarriedbya50-tonearth-carryingtruck,whichshowstheirfirmness.

Sherry

SherryisthetransliterationofEnglishSherry,anditisalsotranslatedintoXieLi,XieLiandsoon.ThiskindofwineiscalledGretzwineinSpain.BecausetheBritishloveitverymuch,itiscalledSherry(princemeaning)byitssimilarEnglishtransliteration.Manycountriesintheworldhaveimitatedsherry.

Britishblacktea

BritishblackteahasbecomeanimportantbeveragefortheBritish.Inthepast,aristocraticafternoonteawasalwaysveryparticular.Inalargecourtyard,itwasalwaysdifficulttogatherfamilymemberstodrinkblackteaontime,sotheyshooktheirexquisitebellsandusedthesoundofbells.Tellthefamilythatit'stimeforafternoontea.

Tourism

Attractions

Edinburgh

PulteneyThreeArchBridge

BathRomanBaths

HolyroodPalace

RoyalCrescentBuilding

GreenwichPark

EdinburghCastle

ScotchWhiskyCenter

MaritimeMuseum

MillenniumGiantEgg

VictoriaandAlbertMuseum

King’sCollege

St.Mary’sChurch

LondonHouseofParliament

ElizabethTower

Thames

BuckinghamPalace

BritishMuseum

MadameTussauds

HolmesMuseum

GreenwichObservatory

HydePark

HamptonPalace

KensingtonPalace

TowerofLondon

St.Paul’sCathedral

TowerBridge

SwordBridge

WindsorCastle

WestminsterAbbey

UniversityofCambridge

LegolandWindsor

EtonCollege

LondonEye

Shakespeare’sGlobeTheatre

Stonehenge

HistoricSites

NumerouscastlesandcountryhousesaretestimoniestothelonghistorythatBritishlandandpropertyareownedbyaristocraticfamilies.Alargenumberofpreciousancientbuildingshavebeenwellpreserved,includingtheBlenheimPalaceoftheDukeofMarlborough,whichisstillinuse,theChatsworthPalaceoftheDukeofDevonshire(CZATSWORTH),andtheLongleyoftheMarquisofBathLONGLEATHOUSE,theseprivateestatesandresidencesbuiltbytheprincesandnoblesintheTudor,Hanover,WindsorandotherhistoricalperiodsaretypicalrepresentativesofBritishhistoricalarchitecture.Manyprivateestatesandmansionsscatteredinthetownsandvillages,aswellasancientcitywalls,watchtowers,uniquebuildingsandothermonumentalbuildingshavebeenactivelyprotectedasBritishhistoricalheritage.Includingancientminingtowers,millsandfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution,ironbridgesandotherbridgesbuiltbyThomasTelford,theForthBridge,amasterpieceofsteelarchitecture,andthebeautifullyshapedClifftownSuspensionBridge,etc.Wait.ThepainterGaoHeqiusesChineseinkpaintingtoexpresstheScottishStoweOldStone,whichreflectstheintegrationofChineselandscapebrushandinklanguagewithforeignscenery.

Gardens

Britishphotos(16photos)

InEnglish,traditionalgardensarecalledGardenorPark.Fromthe14thand15thcenturiestothemid-19thcentury,thecontentandscopeofWesterngardenshavegreatlyexpanded.Gardendesignhasexpandedfromthedesignofthemainprivatecourtyardinhistorytotheequalemphasisonparksandprivategardens.Thefunctionofthegardenisnolongerjustanextensionoffamilylife,butisresponsibleforimprovingtheurbanenvironmentandprovidingaplaceforcitizenstorest,communicateandenjoy.

TheNationalTrustoftheUnitedKingdomandtheNationalTrustofScotlandtakecareofapproximately240gardensintheUKanddevelopthemforthepublic.英国遗产保护组织也是部分英国最重要的风景胜地的监护人,其照管的园林中包括肯特郡唐豪斯的查尔斯·达尔文园林、埃塞克斯郡的奥德雷庄园由多才多艺的布朗设计的十八世纪景观园林、以及位于肯特郡的沃尔姆尔城堡,由朋尼洛普·霍布霍斯设计的伊丽莎白女王皇太后园林等等。除此之外,还有设计师伊莎贝尔·冯·格罗内尼根为伦敦南部埃尔珊姆宫(Eltham)设计的南护城河园林、奥斯本庄园中由鲁伯特·高尔比设计的带围墙的花果园林和怀特岛维多利亚女王的家庭园林等。

英国的各大城市,特别是伦敦,都以其美丽动人、受到良好保护的公园而声名远扬。包括海德公园、圣詹姆士公园和格林公园在内的伦敦皇家园林代表了欧洲园林艺术的最高水平,不仅如此,在大伦敦随处都可以看到造型优美、看护得当的园林供公众娱乐和休闲使用。位于伦敦西南部基尤的皇家植物园收集了大量现存和被保护的树木、种子和植物,植物园本身就是一本植物王国的百科全书,同时也成为全球植物学研究的科学中心。在康沃尔,千年委员会提供了四千万英镑的资金,用以将一个废弃的粘土坑转化成为一个全新的、在全世界绝无仅有的园林,即众所周知的伊甸项目。

英格兰有7个国家公园,威尔士有3个国家公园,每个国家公园内都保存有大面积的天然美景,其中大部分都属于私人所有。1688年的光荣革命确立了君主立宪政体,18世纪60年代至19世纪30年代成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家,国力迅速壮大。18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球七大洲,是当时世界上最强大的国家和第一大殖民帝国,其殖民地面积等于本土的111倍,号称日不落帝国。在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利,但国力严重受损。到20世纪下半叶大英帝国解体,资本主义世界霸权的地位被美国取代。不过,现在英国仍是一个在世界范围内有巨大影响力的大国。

名人

体育

大卫·贝克汉姆

史蒂夫·麦克马纳曼

阿兰·希勒

里奥·费迪南德

大卫·希曼

史蒂文·杰拉德

加雷斯·贝尔

保罗·加斯科因

加里·莱因克尔

韦恩·鲁尼

保罗·斯科尔斯

瑞恩·吉格斯

弗兰克·兰帕德

约翰·特里

泰迪·谢林汉姆

凯文·基冈

迈克尔·欧文

戈登·班克斯

博比·查尔顿

哈里·凯恩

彼特·希尔顿

演员

本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇

汤姆·希德勒斯顿

查理·卓别林

詹姆斯·麦卡沃伊

克里斯蒂安·贝尔

保罗·麦卡特尼

凯拉·奈特利

凯特·温斯莱特

伊万·麦格雷戈

杰森·斯坦森

乔治·哈里森

林戈·斯塔尔

凯特·贝金赛尔

丹尼尔·克雷格

海伦娜·卡特

费雯丽

凯瑟琳·泽塔琼斯

丹尼尔·雷德克里夫

布莱恩·考克斯

伊恩·麦凯伦

奥黛丽·赫本

裘德·洛

汤姆·费尔顿

杰里米·布雷特

雷德利·斯科特

肖恩·康纳利

克里斯托弗·诺兰

艾玛·沃特森

蒂姆·罗斯

詹森·艾萨克

罗杰·摩尔

安东尼·霍普金斯

鲁伯特·格林特

加里·奥德曼

保罗·贝塔尼

休·格兰特

奥兰多·布鲁姆

马修·麦克菲迪恩

拉尔夫·范恩斯

科林·费尔斯

歌手

披头士乐队

罗比·威廉姆斯

西城男孩

滚石乐队

单向组合

皇后乐队

酷玩乐队

詹姆斯·布朗特

阿黛尔·阿德金斯

菲姬

丽安娜·刘易斯

原子少女猫

辣妹

艾尔顿·约翰

Mika

JessieJ

-

-

-

-

科技与文艺

艾萨克·牛顿

罗伯特·达尔文

詹姆斯·麦克斯韦

威廉·莎士比亚

弗兰西斯·培根

珀西·雪莱

斯蒂芬·霍金

柯南·道尔

艾米莉·勃朗特

詹姆斯·瓦特

阿加莎·克里斯蒂

亚当·斯密

奥利弗·克伦威尔

迈克尔·法拉第

爱德华·詹纳

乔治·伯纳

罗伯特·沃波尔

夏洛蒂·勃朗特

奥斯卡·王尔德

丹尼尔·笛福

查尔斯·狄更斯

劳合·乔治

约翰·列侬

亚历山大·麦昆

威廉·皮特(父子)

政治

理查一世

威灵顿公爵

维多利亚女王

阿尔弗雷德大帝

伊丽莎白一世

温斯顿·丘吉尔

亚瑟王

托尼·布莱尔

玛格丽特·希尔达·撒切尔

Tento článek je ze sítě, nereprezentuje pozici této stanice. Uveďte prosím původ dotisku
HORNÍ