L'évolution historique
période romaine
Civilisation précoce
Des activités humaines eurent lieu chaque année sur les îles Britanniques. Vers le XIIIe siècle avant JC, des Ibères venaient du continent européen pour s'installer dans le sud-est de la Grande-Bretagne.
Après environ 700 avant JC, les Celtes vivant en Europe occidentale ont continué à s'installer dans les îles Britanniques.
Invasion Romaine
En 54 avant JC, César mena les légions romaines à envahir la Grande-Bretagne deux fois, et elles furent toutes les deux repoussées par les Britanniques. En 43 après J.
Période médiévale
Anglo-Saxon
AudébutduVèmesiècle,aprèsl'évacuationdesRomains,ilshabitaient près de l'embouchure de l'ElbeenAllemagneet auDanemark.
Bythebeginningofthe7thcentury, theinvadershadestablished7powerfulnations: thisperiodisknownasthe "SevenKingdomsEra" .WhentheAnglo-Saxonsinvaded, itwasatribalorganization.Duringtheinvasion, theoriginalclanorganizationdisintegrated.Withthedevelopmentofproductiveforces, thelandgraduallybecameprivateproperty, andnobles, largelandowners, dependentfarmersandslavesappeared.Thevillagecommunitybecameaformoftransitionfromthelandownershipoftheclancommunetothefeudallandownership, anditisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofthefeudalizationprocessofBritishsociety.Attheendofthe6thcentury, ChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.TheAmericansrefertotheBritishandtheBritishasAnglo-Saxons.
invasion danoise
Depuis la fin du VIIIe siècle, les Scandinaves avec les Danois comme corps principal ont envahi à plusieurs reprises la Grande-Bretagne.
En879,leRoiAlfredetlesDanesont conclu un traité pour placer lapartie nord-est de l'Angleterresous la juridiction duDanemark,quiestappeléle"Danemark District".
Conquête normande
Edouard le Confesseur d'Angleterre n'avait plus d'héritier après sa mort. Guillaume, duc de Normandie, France, envahit en 1066 et entra à Londres en octobre de la même année.
La puissante royauté établie par William après sa conquête a joué un rôle positif dans la consolidation de l'ordre féodal.
Watt.TaylorInsurrection
In1380, KingRichardIIcollectedmoneyfromtheBritishandFrenchHundredYearsWarandincreasedthepolltax, whichledtotheoutbreakoftheuprisinginMay1381.TheleaderwasthemasonWalterTaylor, appelé "WattTaylorUprising" .Althoughtheuprisingfailed, itshooktheBritishfeudalserfdomsystem.Attheendofthe14thcentury, theBritishserfdomactuallydisintegrated.Inthe15thcentury, mostserfsgainedpersonalfreedomandbecameself-cultivatingfarmers.Intermsoftheirlegalstatus, theyweredividedintofreeholdfarmersandpublicaccountholders.Monetaryrenthasbecomethemainformoflandrent, andthefeudalmainclasshasalsochanged.Newaristocratshaveemergedfromwealthypeasants, terre-owningmerchants, andsmallandmediumaristocrats, whoadoptcapitalistmanagementmethods.Theruleoftheoldaristocracywasincrisis, andthefeudalchivalrysystemwasgraduallydisintegrating.AftertheRoseWarof1455 -1485,lepouvoirdel'anciennearistocratieestfortement affaibli,créantdesconditionsfavorablesaudéveloppementdesrelationscapitalistes,etHenryVII,quiaétésoutenuparlanouvellearistocratieetlabourgeoisieAscende dle trône et a commencé le règne de la dynastie Tudor.
La guerre de cent ans entre la Grande-Bretagne et la France
ThewarbetweenBritainandFrancebetween1337and1453forterritorialexpansionandthestruggleforthethronewasthelongestwarintheworld, intermittentlyItlastedfor116years.Atthattime, itwastheeraoftheBlackDeath.Underthedoubleblowofwarandepidemic, theeconomiesofBritainandFranceweregreatlytraumatized, andthepeoplewerenotliving.EnglandlostalmostallofitsFrenchterritory, butitalsogaverisetonationalisminEngland.Attheendofthewar, Britainhadembarkedonaroadofcentralization.Afterwards, Englandimplementedthe "ContinentalBalanceofPower" policyontheEuropeancontinentandtransferredtooverseasdevelopment., Tobecometheworld'slargestempire.
PrimitifCapitalAccumulation
TheenclosuremovementisoneoftheimportantmeansoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapitalinBritain.EnglandmergedwithWalesin1536.Fromthe15thto16thcenturies, thewoolweavingindustrybecamethe "nationalindustry" ofBritain, andthedemandforwoolincreasedexponentially.Thelandlordschangedtheirfarmsintopastures, andalsoconcentratedsmallrealestatesintolargetractsbyenclosingfieldsoroccupyingcommonlands.Asaresult, alargenumberofself-employedfarmerslosttheirlandandwentbankrupt, becominghomeless.Thekingpromulgatedaseriesofbloodylegislationfrom1530, forcingvagrantstobeemployedbynewaristocratsandcapitalists.Overseaslootingandtradearealsoimportantwaysofprimitiveaccumulation.Afterthe16thcentury, theUnitedKingdomorganizedmanytradingcompaniestocarryoutpiratelooting.Pierofficials, customsofficers, navalofficersandsoldiers, andevenhigh-rankinglocalofficialsallcolludedwithpirates.ThepirateJ.Hawkinstraffickedblackpeopletogetrich, et F.Drake a pillé les colonies hispano-américaines sous le patronage d'Elizabeth I, et de 1577 à 1580, il a mené à bien un tour du monde qui a choqué l'Europe.
Despotisme
In1603, QueenElizabethdiedwithoutanheir.KingJamesVIofScotlandinheritedtheBritishthrone, calledJamesI, andbegantheruleoftheStuartdynasty (1603-1649,1660-1714) .Fromthesecondhalfofthe16thcenturytothefirsthalfofthe17thcentury, thecapitalisteconomydevelopedrapidly, andtheincreasinglypowerfulbourgeoisieandnewaristocracybecameincreasinglyunabletotoleratetheautocraticruleofthefeudalmonarchy.However, JamesIandCharlesIignoredthesechangesandinsistedon "sovereignpower", whichintensifiedthecontradiction.InNovember1641, theparliamentpresentedthe "LetterofProtest" totheking; inJanuarythefollowingyear, thekingattemptedtoarresttheleaderoftheoppositionintheparliamentandfledthecapital.InAugust, hedeclaredwarontheparliamentinNottingham.
CromwellledacavalryteamcomposedmainlyofPuritanhomesteadersandhandicraftsmen.TheNewModelArmydefeatedtheroyalistarmyattheBattleofNasbyinJune1645.Thefollowingyear, thekingwascaptured.Attheendof1647, KingCharlesfled.InFebruary1648, theroyalpartytooktheopportunitytoprovokeacivilwar.Underthejointattackoftheindependentsandegalitarians, theroyalpartywasdefeatedandthesecondcivilwarended.InDecember1648, CromwellclearedthepresbyteryfromParliament, onJanuary30,1649, CharlesIwasbeheaded.InApril1653, Cromwelldissipatedtheremnantparliament, andestablishedtheNationalProtectorateGovernmentinDecembertoimplementamilitarydictatorship.
En février 1660, la dynastie des Stuart est restaurée. La " Glorieuse Révolution " qui éclate de 1688 à 1689. La " Déclaration des Droits " annonce la restriction de la royauté et l'élargissement des pouvoirs parlementaires, jetant les bases de la monarchie constitutionnelle britannique.
Renaissance
ComparedtocontinentalEurope, theBritishRenaissanceoccurredlater.However, aftertheTudordynastyandQueenElizabeth, theestablishmentofBritainasanation-état, thevigorousdevelopmentofindustryandcommerce, theever-expandingconnectionwithworldculture, andbreakingthroughtheshacklesoftheHolySee, allofthesehavemadetheBritishRenaissancecometothetop..Attheendofthe16thcenturyandthebeginningofthe17thcentury, les "threegiants" thatemergedinBritain: Shakespeare, BaconandHarveywerethemostoutstandingrepresentativesinthefieldsofart, humanitiesandscienceduringthisperiod.Duringthisperiod, Britishart, sciences humaines, andsciencepenetratedandblendedwitheachother.Whilestrengtheningthelinksbetweendifferentfields, theyalsocontinuedtoenrichanddeepentheirrespectivegardens.
Révolution industrielle
TheUnitedKingdomwastheworld'sfirstindustrializedcountry.Itwasthefirsttocompletemanyscientificdiscoveriesandinventions, suchassteamengine, de la pénicilline, deoxyribonucleicacid (ADN), DollyandJetenginesandsoon.London'sfinancialmarketattractsmanycompaniesfromallovertheworldtotakeadvantageoftheUK'sbusinessopportunities.Formorethantwohundredyears, variousschoolsandcollegesintheUKhavedevelopedalongwiththecountry'sworld-renownedtechnological, industrialandfinancialrevolution.However, theworld'sexcellenteducationhistoryisevenlonger, datingbacktothe12thcenturywhenOxfordUniversity (1185) andCambridgeUniversity (1209) wereestablished.
Expansion Coloniale
TheBritishcolonyexpandedviolentlyinthe19thcentury.Irelandwasmergedin1801, andtheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdombecametheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.TheaggressionagainstAsiacontinuestoexpand.TheBritishEmpirereferstoagreatempirecomposedoftheBritishmainlandanditsdominions, les colonies, les territoires, les fiduciaires, andprotectors.Itisthelargestcountryinhistoryandthelargestglobalcolonialempire.Theempirereacheditspeakintheearly19thcentury, withapopulationofabout400to500million, accountingforaquarteroftheworld'spopulationatthattime, theterritorywasabout33.67millionsquarekilometers, accountingforaquarteroftheworld'stotallandarea.AfterthekingdomofSpaininthe16thcentury, theempirewascalledthe "empirethatneversetsinthesun."
Inthemid-19ème siècle, BritainlaunchedtwoOpiumWarstoinvadeChina, forciblyoccupiedHongKongIsland, andparticipatedinthesuppressionoftheTaipingRevolutioninChina; suppressedtheIndianNationalUprisingfrom1857to1859andstrengtheneditsruleoverIndia.In1876, theConservativeB.DisraelicabinetcrownedQueenVictoria, makingittheQueenofIndia.Sincethen, BritainhasbeencalledtheBritishEmpireortheBritishEmpire (Indiabecameindependentin1947, andtheBritishmonarchlostthetitleofemperor) .Inaddition, ithasexpandeditsaggressioninIran, Myanmar, SouthAfrica, Egypte, Eastafrica, NewZealand, Australiaandotherplaces, andgraduallyinfiltratedSouthAmerica, becomingthelargestinvestorthere.In1867 , Le Canada est devenu le premier territoire autonome du Royaume-Uni.
Guerre mondiale
Après les années 1870, la Grande-Bretagne a progressivement perdu son monopole industriel. Les États-Unis émergents ont progressivement rattrapé et dépassé le Royaume-Uni, entraînant une intensification sans précédent des contradictions. Au début du XXe siècle, l'Allemagne est devenue un concurrent britannique.
InordertodealwithGermany, theUnitedKingdomgaveupthe "gloriousisolation" foreignpolicypursuedinthe19thcentury.After1907, le "ThreePowersAgreement" ofBritain, France, andRussiawasactuallyformed.InAugust1914, theFirstWorldWarbrokeout.In1917, "unrestrictedsubmarinewar" andmaintaineditsdominanceofthesea.Inthewar, theBritishempirekilledmorethan500,000peopleinbattle.ThedefeatoftheAlliedPowersheadedbyGermanyendedintheGreatWar, whichwasalsoamajorvictoryfortheUnitedStates de BritainfinallydefeatedGermany.
InSeptember1939, GermanyattackedPoland.WorldWarIIbrokeoutandBritaindeclaredwaronGermany.InApril1940, Churchillformedawartimecoalitioncabinet.AfterChurchillcametopower, heimmediatelyorganizedDunkirktoretreat, broughtthenationaleconomyintowartimeorbit, andrapidlyexpandedarmaments.Inthe "BritishAirWar" launchedbyGermanyfromJulytoSeptember1940, theBritishAirForceeffectivelyattackedtheenemy.BritishandAmericantroopslandedinNormandy, FranceinJune1944, andGermanysurrenderedonMay8,1945.
Après-guerre
Afterthewar, BritainparticipatedintheformulationandacceptanceoftheMarshallPlanin1947, receivedalotofaidfromtheUnitedStates, andtheeconomygraduallyrecovered.Atthesametime, theLaborPartygovernmentalsoimplementedsomemeasurestoimprovetheconditionsoftheworkingpeople: AftertheSecondWorldWar, BritainwasgovernedbytheLaborPartyandtheConservativePartyinturn.Economicdevelopmentisslow.JoinedtheEuropeanCommunityinJanuary1973.Afterthe1979election, theConservativePartycametopower, andMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstfemaleprimeministerinBritishhistory.Re-electedin1982and1987.TheThatchergovernmentadoptedapolicyofprivatizingstate-ownedenterprises, andhasmadegreatachievementsinrevitalizingtheeconomy.BegintopromotetheprivatizationofsomecompaniesinordertorevitalizetheBritisheconomy.
Après la décolonisation au XXe siècle, les territoires britanniques d'outre-mer sont progressivement devenus indépendants.
Le 18 septembre 2014, les 4 millions de résidents permanents d'Écosse sont tenus de décider si l'Écosse deviendra un État souverain indépendant.
Le 24 juin 2016, le résultat du référendum sur le Brexit a été finalisé et le Royaume-Uni quittera l'Union européenne. Le 28 octobre, le Royaume-Uni a été sélectionné comme membre du Conseil des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies pour un mandat de 2017 à 2019.
Le 8 février 2017, la Chambre basse du Parlement britannique a voté en faveur de l'adoption formelle du projet de loi « Brexit » présenté par le gouvernement, autorisant le Premier ministre à engager le processus « Brexit ».
Le 20 mars 2017, le Royaume-Uni soumettra officiellement la demande de Brexit à l'Union européenne le 29 mars, en lançant l'article 50 du traité de Lisbonne pour entamer les négociations sur le Brexit.
Le 8 décembre 2017, le Royaume-Uni et l'Union européenne ont conclu un accord de Brexit historique.
Le 26 juin 2018, la reine Elizabeth II a approuvé le plus important projet de loi sur le Brexit du premier ministre britannique Theresa May.
OnJanuary23,2020, QueenElizabethIIoftheUnitedKingdomsignedandapprovedthebillsrelatedtothe "Brexit" agreementpreviouslypassedbytheBritishParliament.OnJanuary24, theEuropeanCouncilandthePresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionsignedtheBritish "Brexit" agreement.OnJanuary30, theEuropeanUnionformallyapprovedBrexit.OnJanuary31, theUKofficially "Brexit", endingits47-yearEUmembership.OnDecember24, theEuropeanCommissionannouncedthataftermanyroundsofintensenegotiations, theEUandtheUnitedKingdomfinallyreachedanagreementonaseriesofcooperationrelationsincludingtradethatday, clearingthewayfortheUnitedKingdomtoendthe « Brexit » transitionperiodin2020accordingtotheoriginalplan.Obstacles.
Environnement naturel
Localisation régionale
Le Royaume-Uni est un pays d'île situé en Europe occidentale. L'Irlande est une nation plus sûre.
BritainissurroundedbytheNorthSea, theEnglishChannel, theCelticSea, theIrishSeaandtheAtlanticOcean.ItfacestheNorthSeaintheeastandfacesBelgium, theNetherlands, Allemagne, Danemark, andNorway, itbordersIrelandtothewestandfacestheUnitedStatesandCanadaacrosstheAtlanticOcean, itcrossestheAtlanticOceantothenorthandreachesIceland, andtravels33kilometersacrosstheEnglishChanneltothesouthisFrance.Thelandareais244,100squarekilometers (includinginlandwaters) .Amongthem, Englandis130,400squarekilometers, Scotlandis78,800squarekilometers, Walesis20,800squarekilometers, andNorthernIrelandis14,100squarekilometers.
Topographie
TherearemanylowmountainplateausinthenorthwestofEngland, andtheplainsinthesoutheast.TheThamesisthelargestriverinthecountry.TheSevernRiveristhelongestriverintheUK, withalengthof338kilometers.ItoriginatedinthemiddleofWales.TheriverissemicircularandflowsthroughtheMidwestofEnglandandflowsintotheBristolChannel.TheThamesisthelargestriverintheUK, withadrainageareaof 11,400squarekilometers, amulti-yearaverageflowof60.0cubicmeterspersecond, andamulti-yearaveragerunoffof1.89billioncubicmeters.Thegeographicalpositionofthebasinis2 ° 08'westlongitudeto0 ° 43'eastlongitude, and51 ° 00'to52 ° 3' de latitude nord.
Caractéristiques climatiques
Britainhasatemperateoceanicclimate.TheUnitedKingdomiscontrolledbytheprevailingwesterlywind, anditismildandhumidthroughouttheyear, withlittlechangeinthefourseasons.Thevegetationisatemperatedeciduousbroad-leavedforestzone.Usuallythehighesttemperaturedoesnotexceed32 ℃, thelowesttemperatureisnotlowerthan-10 ℃, theaveragetemperatureis4 ~ 7 ~ 17 ℃ inJanuaryand13 ℃ inJuly.Theaverageannualrainfallisabout1,000mm.Theannualprecipitationinthenorthernandwesternmountainousareasexceeds2,000mm, whilethecentralandeasternpartsarelessthan800mm.ThedriestmonthsarefromFebruarytoMarch, andthewettestfromOctobertoJanuaryofthefollowingyear.TheUnitedKingdomisaffectedbywesterlywindsandtheoceanallyearround, andtheclimateismildandhumidthroughouttheyear, suitableforplantgrowth. Bien que le climat en Grande-Bretagne soit doux, le temps est variable.
Ressources naturelles
Ressources en eau
Thamesscenery(9photos)
TheaverageannualrunoffvolumeofBritishriversItisabout159billioncubicmeters, andthepercapitaoccupationisabout2,700cubicmeters.ThedegreeofindustrializationintheUKisveryhigh.Thedevelopmentandutilizationofwaterresourcesismainlytoimprovethedomesticwaterconsumptionofurbanandruralpeople, andtodevelopindustry, inlandnavigation, aquacultureandwatertourism.ThetotalannualwaterconsumptionintheUKis11.511billioncubicmeters, ofwhichpublicwateraccountsfor47.3%, irrigationwateraccountsfor0.3%, andotherindustriesaccountfor52.4% .Thepercapitadailydomesticwaterconsumptioninurbanandruralareasis322liters.Attachesgreatimportancetosewagetreatment.Since1973, sewagetreatmenthasbecomeapartoftheentirewatersupplysystem, andthetreatmentofwasteandsewagehasreachedaveryhighlevel.Britainistherepresentativeofprivatizationandmarketizationofurbanwaterindustryintheworld.Trois-quartersofthefreshwaterintheUKiscollectedfromlakes, reservoirsandriversinthemountains.Aboutaquarterofthisisgroundwater.Thequalityofdrinkingwaterisveryhigh.However, fromthesummerof1995tothespringof1997, EnglandandWalesexperiencedthedriestperiodintwoyearsofhistory, andwaterisnolongeraresourcethatcanbearbitrarilyused.Theleakageofthewatersupplypipeisanotherproblem.Relativelyspeaking, ScotlandandNorthernIrelandstillhaveabundantdomesticfreshwaterandindustrialwaterresources.Inordertopreventtheshortageofwaterresourcesinthefuture, thegovernmentpromulgatedaten-pointplaninMay1997, whichprivatewaterindustrycompanieshaveagreedtoabideby.
PlanteRessources
En 2011, la forêt britannique couvrait une superficie de 3,08 millions d'hectares, représentant 12,6 % de la superficie locale.
Ressources animales
TheUKhasabundantanimalresources.In2007, theBritishgovernmentbegantoimplementawildlifeprotectionplan.Asof2007, thereare1,149endangeredwildanimalsintheUK, andhedgehogs, harvestingRats, Atlanticsalmonandsparrowswereincludedforthefirsttime.TheBritishgovernment'swildlifeprotectionplaniscalledtheBiodiversityActionPlan, whichcontainsalistofmammals, oiseaux, insectes, invertébrés, poissons, marinelifeandfungithatneedtobeprotected.InSeptember2006,550hedgehogsweresenttotheWildlifeHospitalnearEldsbury, thecapitalofBuckinghamshireinsouth-centralEngland, forsupervision.
Ressources minérales
ThemainmineralresourcesintheUKarecoal, fer, oilandnaturalgas.Thetotalreservesofhardcoalare170billiontons.Theironreservesareabout3.8billiontons.TherearetinminesontheCornwallPeninsulainthesouthwest.ThereisalargeamountofrocksaltinCheshireandDurham.Staffordshirehashigh-qualityclay.WhiteclayisproducedinCornwall.DolomitecanbeminedontheeastslopeofthePennineMountains.TherearequartzminesneartheSilderleyHillsinsouthwestLancashire.TheoilreservesintheNorthSeashelfoftheUnitedKingdomarebetween1billionand4billiontons.Thenaturalgasreservesareabout860-2,585billioncubicmeters.
Divisions administratives
Divisions
Le Royaume-Uni est divisé en quatre parties : l'Angleterre, le Pays de Galles, l'Écosse et l'Irlande du Nord. L'Angleterre est divisée en 43 comtés. L'Écosse compte 32 districts, dont 3 juridictions spéciales.
Angleterre | Comté Urbain | Grand Manchester Merseyside SouthYorkshire Tynewell West Midlands West Yorkshire | 45 comtés de l'histoire de l'Angleterre ont été abolis en 1974 et transformés en 6 comtés métropolitains et 39 comtés non urbains (comté non métropolitain) (le Grand Londres est une unité administrative distincte) |
pays non métropolitain | |||
p> | Évan Bedfordshire Berkshire Comté de Buckingham Cambridgeshire Cheshire Comté de Cleveland Cornouailles EburyAsieComté Derbyshire DevonComté Dorset Durham DongsarSexeComté Essex Gloucestershire Hampshire HerefordWorcester Hertfordshire Humbersideshire L'île de Wight Kent Comté de Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Norfolk NorthYorkshire Comté de Northampton Comté de Northumberland Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Shropshire Samerset Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Warwickshire WestSussex Wiltshire | ||
Pays de Galles | Kluyd Défenseur Gwen Guinet MilieuGlamorgan Powys SudGlamorgan WestGlamorgan | Les 13 comtés de l'histoire galloise ont été abolis en 1974 et changés en 8 nouveaux comtés | |
Écosse | Juridiction | Région Frontière Région centrale DumfriesandGallowayDistrict Quartier de Fife GrampianDistrict HautDistrict LothianDistrict StrathclydeDistrict TaysideDistrict | Les 33 comtés de l'histoire écossaise ont été abolis en 1975 et changés en 9 juridictions et 3 îles p> |
Région de l'île | Les Orcades Îles Shetland Îles de l'Ouest | ||
Irlande du Nord | comté | Comté d'Antrim p>Comté d'Arma AubeComté Comté de Fermana Londonderry Tyrone | L'Irlande du Nordestdiviséeen6comtés |
Capitale
TheBritishcapital, Londres, islocatedontheplainsinsoutheastEngland, acrosstheThames, 88kilometersfromtheThamesestuary.Asearlyas3000yearsago, theLondonareawaswheretheBritishlived.In54BC, theRomanEmpireinvadedGreatBritain.In43BC, LondonwasthemainmilitarystationoftheRomansandbuiltthefirstwoodenbridgeacrosstheThames.AtthattimeLondonwascalled "Londinum" .WiththeriseofBritishcapitalism, thescaleofLondonexpandedrapidly.In1500, thepopulationofLondonwasonly50,000.In1600, thepopulationincreasedto200,000, andto700,000in1700.Inthe18thand19thcenturies, Londonhadbecometheworld En 1900, la population de Londres a augmenté à 2 millions. Dans les années 1960, la population de Londres a atteint plus de 8 millions. En 2001, la population de Londres était de 7,188 millions.
Symbole national
Nom du pays
TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland, themainbodyisEngland, soitiscustomarilycalledtheUnitedKingdom (theUnitedKingdomwasoriginallytheabbreviationoftheKingdomofEngland), ItistheUnitedKingdomcomposedofEngland, Écosse, WalesandNorthernIreland.TheBritishEmpire (laterrenamedtheCommonwealth) isknownastheempirethatneversets.TheBritishIslesrefertoEngland, ScotlandandWales.SinceNorthernIrelandislocatedontheislandofIreland, manyotherislandsaretoosmalltobeincluded.
Drapeau national
Drapeau britannique(2feuilles)
TheBritishflag (Anglais: UnionJack) ishorizontalandrectangular, andtheratiooflengthtowidthis2: 1, knownasthe "RiceFlag", consistsofadarkbluebackgroundandredandwhite "riz" characters.TheredcrosswithawhiteborderintheflagrepresentsthepatronsaintGeorgeofEngland, thewhitecrossrepresentsthepatronsaintofScotlandAndrew, andtheredcrossrepresentsthepatronsaintofIrelandPatrick.Thisflagwasproducedin1801.ItisformedbytheoverlapoftheformerEngland'sredpositivetenflagonawhitebackground, Scotland'swhitecrossflagonabluebackground, andNorthernIreland'sredcrossflagonawhitebackground, forminga "riz" character.TheWelshflagisnotintegratedintotheBritishflag .Welsh a une base verte et blanche et un dragon de feu rouge.L'emblème national
TheBritishNationalEmblemistheCrownEmblem.Thecenterpatternisashieldemblem.Theupperleftandlowerrightcornersoftheshieldarethreegoldenlionsonaredbackground, symbolizingEngland, theupperrightcornerisaredlionstandingontheupperhalfofagoldbase, symbolizingScotland, thelowerleftcornerisabluebackgroundwithgoldTheyellowharpsymbolizesNorthernIreland.BothsidesofthecoatofarmsaresupportedbyalionwearingacrownandrepresentingEnglandandaunicornrepresentingScotland.SurroundingthecoatofarmsistheGarterMedal.ThereisasayinginFrenchthatmeans "Itisshamefultohaveevilthoughts"; "ThereisGodinheaven, andIhavetheright" thelowerhangingribbonreads Thetopofthecoatofarmsisagoldandsilverhelmetwithjewels, animperialcrownandalionwearingacrown.
Hymne national
"Dieu sauve la reine" (Dieu sauve la reine), généralement seul le premier paragraphe émis. S'il s'agit d'un monarque mâle, l'hymne national est changé en " Dieu sauve le roi ".
La signification des paroles : Godblessthequeen,wishheralonglife,andGodblessthequeen.ChangShengli,MuRongguang ;Fupopular,happyheart ;gouvernant le pays,WangYunchang ;Godblessthequeen !
NationalPierre
DiamondshavealwaysbeenregardedasthecrownofgemsbytheBritishwhoemphasizedgraceandtemperament.Amongallgemstones, becausediamondshavethehighesthardness, Britishmenliketousediamondstorepresenttheirsteadfastnessandcourage, whilewomenarewillingtousediamondsasametaphorfortheirholinessandnobility.TheBritishhavelongregardeddiamondsasaloveaffairbetweenmenandwomen.ThiscustomwasquicklyadoptedbytheWesternworldandspreadtotheEast.WiththeexpansionoftheUnitedKingdom, thecolonistsdidnotforgettoattributethediamondsfromallovertheworldtotheirown.Britainhasacollectionoftherarestandmostpreciousdiamondsintheworld.
Fleur nationale
Rose.IntheWaroftheRoses, theLancasterroyalfamilywasrepresentedbyredroses, andtheYorkroyalfamilywasrepresentedbywhiteroses.ThepoweroftheYorkroyalfamilywasdefeatedbytheLancasterroyalfamily, butthetwosidesreconciledthroughmarriageafterthewar.Therefore, therepresentativesofthetworoyalfamilies, thesetwokindsofrosesmergedintoone, andbecamearedrosewithwhitestamens.Asaresult, thewhiteheartandredrosebecameasymbolofEnglandandgraduallybecameasymbolofEngland.
Population
Asof2016, thetotalpopulationoftheUKis65.58million.TheofficiallanguageisEnglish.WelshisalsousedinnorthernWales, andGaelicisstillusedinpartsoftheNorthwestHighlandsofScotlandandNorthernIreland.ResidentsmostlybelieveinProtestantChristianity, mainlydividedintotheChurchofEngland (alsoknownastheAnglicanChurch, ofBritishadults whosemembersaccountforabout60%) ont andtheChurchofScotland (alsoknownasthePresbyterianChurch, with590,000adultmembers) .TherearealsolargerreligiouscommunitiessuchastheCatholicChurchandIslam, Hindouisme, Sikhisme, JudaismandBuddhism.
Politique
Gouvernement
TheUKgovernmentisaparliamentaryconstitutionalmonarchy.Thekingistheheadofstate, thesupremesheriff, thecommander en chiefofthearmedforces, etle "supremeleader" oftheAnglicanChurch.Formally, hehasthepowertoappointandremovetheprimeminister, ministres, seniorjudges, militaryofficers, governorsofvariousterritories, diplomates, évêques, andtheBritishSaints.Seniorclergyoftheguild, etc., andhavethepowertoconvene, suspendre, dissolvetheassembly, approvelaws, declarewarandotherpowers ,maisontunpouvoirréeldanslecabinet.Le Parlementestlaplushauteinstancejudiciaireetlégislative,composéduroi,delachambre hauteetdelachambre basse.
La Constitution
TheBritishConstitutionisnotanindependentdocument, butiscomposedofstatutorylaws, customarylaws, andconventions.TherearemainlyMagnaCarta (1215), habeas corpus (1679), BillofRights (1689), ParliamentaryLaw (1911,1949), andsuccessiveamendmentstotheElectoralLaw, MunicipalAutonomyLaw, andCountyCouncilLaw.Thegovernmentisaconstitutionalmonarchy.Themonarchistheheadofstate, thesupremesheriff, thecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforces, etle » supremeleader "oftheAnglicanAnglicanChurch.Formally, hehasthepowertoappointandremovetheprimeminister, ministres, seniorjudges, militaryofficers, governorsofvariousterritories, diplomates, évêques, andtheUnitedKingdom.TheseniorclergyoftheAnglicanChurchalsohavethepowertoconvene, suspendanddissolveparliaments, approvelaws, anddeclarewarandpeace, buttheyhaverealpowerinthecabinet.Scotlandhasitsownindependentlegalsystem.
Judiciaire
AlljudgesintheUKadoptanappointmentsystem.TheLordChancellor, Judges'HouseofLords, andCourtofAppealJudgesarerecommendedbythePrimeMinisterandappointedbytheKingofEngland.ThereisnoMinistryofJusticeintheUK, andjusticeshavethepowertoappointandremovejudicialofficers.Thejudgemustbeabarristerofthe "lawassociation" andhaveacertainnumberofyearsofjudicialpractice.Onceajudgeisappointed, hecannotgenerallyberemovedfromofficewithouthisconsent.JudgesoftheSupremeCourthavetenure.Districtcourtjudgescanretireafter72yearsofage.Judgesarewellpaid.
Partis politiques
Le système des partis politiques britanniques a été un élément important des gouvernements constitutionnels britanniques depuis le XVIIIe siècle.
Les principaux partis politiques au Royaume-Uni sont :
(1) ConservativeParty: ThelargestpartyinParliament.LeaderBorisJohnson, electedinJuly2019.ThepredecessoroftheConservativePartywastheToryPartyestablishedin1679.Itwasrenameditscurrentnamein1833.From1979to1997, hewasinpower4timesfor18consecutiveyears.AftertheBritishelectioninMay2010, theConservativePartyregaineditsrulingstatusandformedacoalitiongovernmentwiththeLiberalDemocraticParty.Supportersgenerallycomefromthecorporateworldandtheaffluentclass.Advocatingafreemarketeconomy, strictlycontrollingthemoneysupply, reducingpublicexpenditure, reducinginflation, restrictingtradeunionrights, andstrengthening "loi" et "ordre".
(2) LaborParty: Thesecondlargestpartyintheparliament.Establishedin1900, theoriginalnamewastheLaborRepresentativeCommittee, andin1906itchangedtoitscurrentname.From1997to2010, hewasinpowerfor13consecutiveyears.Lostinthe2010and2015generalelectionsbecametheoppositionparty.InSeptember2015, JeremyCorbynwaselectedthenewleader.Inrecentyears, theLaborPartyhastendedtopaymoreattentiontotheinterestsofthemiddleclass, andtoacertainextentisalienatedfromtradeunions.Advocatemaintainingstablemacroeconomicgrowthandestablishingamodernwelfaresystem.Diplomatically, headvocatesactiveparticipationininternationalcooperation, regardsrelationswiththeUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionasthetwomajordiplomaticpillars, supportstheintegrationoftheEuropeanUnion, andopposesBritain'sseparationfromtheEuropeanUnion.
Les autres partis politiques au Royaume-Uni comprennent : le Parti national écossais, le Parti libéral-démocrate, le Parti national gallois (Plaid Cymru), le Parti vert et certains partis d'Irlande du Nord tels que : l'Ulster UnionistParty, le Democratic Unionist Party, le Social Democratic and LabourParty, le SinnFein, etc.
Dignitaires
Reine Elizabeth II (Reine Elizabeth II). Le nom complet est " Trust God Hun, Reine Elizabeth II du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et d'autres territoires et territoires, le chef du Commonwealth et le protecteur du christianisme ".
PremierMinistreBorisJohnson,néenjuin 1964,diplôméde l'Université d'Oxford.En2001,ilaétésélectionnécommemembredelachambre basseduparlement.ÉlumaireduGrand Londresenmai2008etrééluen2012.
Économie
Aperçu
Londres(4photos)
TheUnitedKingdomasanimportanttradingentity,economicpowerandThefinancialcenteristhefifthlargesteconomicsystemintheworldandoneoftheworld'srichestcountrieswiththemostdevelopedeconomyandthehigheststandardofliving.Inthepastthreedecades,thegovernmenthassubstantiallyreducedstate-ownedassetsandsloweddownthedevelopmentofsocialwelfareprograms.Inthe18thcentury,theBritishnativewheatbegantoloseouttothecheapwheatinNorthAmerica.TheygaveuplargequantitiesofwheatandimportedalargeamountofgrainproductsfromtheAmericas.Theygraduallyshiftedtothedairyindustry,whichwasrelativelyconcentrated,highlymechanized,andveryefficient:1%oflabor.Thepopulationcanmeetapproximately60%offoodneeds.InthethreemonthstoFebruary2015,thenumberofunemployedpeopleintheUKdroppedby76,000to1.84million.ThenumberofpeopleapplyingforunemploymentbenefitsinMarchalsofellby20,700to772,400.TheunemploymentratehasdroppedtoitslowestlevelsinceJuly2008.
InNovember2020,theUK'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)fellby2.6%month-on-month,endingthesix-month-on-monthgrowthtrend.
Industry
ThemainindustriesintheUKare:mining,metallurgy,chemicals,machinery,electronics,electronicinstruments,automobiles,aviation,food,beverages,tobacco,textiles,paper,printing,Publishing,construction,etc.Biopharmaceuticals,aerospaceanddefensearethefocusofBritishindustry'sresearchanddevelopment,andtheyarealsothemostinnovativeandcompetitiveindustriesintheUK.Likemanydevelopedcountries,withthecontinuousdevelopmentoftheserviceindustry,theBritishmanufacturingindustrybegantoshrinkinthe1980s,andthetwoeconomicrecessionsinthe1980sandearly1990saggravatedthissituation.AmongtheBritishmanufacturingindustries,thetextileindustryisthemostsluggish,butelectronicandopticalequipment,man-madefibersandchemicalproducts,especiallythepharmaceuticalindustry,stillmaintainstrongstrength.
Serviceindustry
Theserviceindustry,includingfinancialinsurance,retail,tourismandbusinessservices,isthepillarindustryoftheBritisheconomy.AsofAugust2014,theoutputvalueoftheBritishserviceindustryaccountedforaboutdomesticThree-quartersoftheGDP.In2012,theUK'stradeinservicestotaled305.85billionpounds,orapproximately486.3billionUSdollars.
AsofAugust2014,theUnitedKingdom'stourismrevenueranksfifthintheworld,secondonlytotheUnitedStates,Spain,FranceandItaly.ItisoneofthemostimportanteconomicsectorsintheUnitedKingdom.9.1%oftheemployedpopulation.In2012,therewere31.08millionvisitorsfromtheUK,withrevenueof18.6billionpounds,orabout29.5billionUSdollars.Americantouristsrankfirstamongoverseastourists,followedbyFrance,Germany,Ireland,Spain,theNetherlands,ItalyandPoland.Londonisamust-visitplaceforforeigntourists.Themaintouristareasare:London,Edinburgh,Cardiff,Brighton,Greenwich,Stratford,OxfordandCambridge.Themaintouristattractionsare:operahouses,museums,artgalleries,ancientbuildings,themeparksandshops.
Agriculture,animalhusbandryandfishery
TheBritishagriculture,animalhusbandryandfisherymainlyincludeanimalhusbandry,grain,horticulture,andfishery,whichcanmeetnearly2/3ofthetotaldomesticfooddemand.However,agricultureaccountsforlessthan1%oftheUK'sgrossdomesticproductandemploysabout450,000people,whichislessthan2%ofthetotalemployment,whichislowerthantheaveragelevelof5%inEUcountriesandlowerthanothermajorindustrialcountries.Agriculturallandaccountsfor77%ofthecountry'slandarea,mostofwhicharepasturesandpastures,andonly1/4areusedforfarming.Theaverageagriculturalpopulationowns70hectaresofland,whichisfourtimestheEUaverage.BritainwasonceoneofthelargestfishingnationsintheEuropeanUnion,withacatchthataccountsfor20%oftheEU's,whichmeetstwo-thirdsofdomesticdemand.
La finance
TheUKisthelargestnetexporteroffinancialservices,withover40%ofexportsgoingtotheEuropeanUnion.TheUKstartsanewfinancialyearonApril1everyyear.Governmentbudgetexpendituresincludepublicexpenditures(centralgovernmentandlocalgovernmentexpenditures),debtinterestpaymentsandfinancialadjustments.Fiscalbudgetrevenueincludesthreeitems:directtax,indirecttaxandnationalinsurancetaxrevenue.
Londonisaworld-renownedfinancialcenterwithamodernfinancialservicesystem.Itisengagedinmultinationalbanklending,internationalbondissuance,fundinvestmentandotherbusinesses.Itisalsotheworld'slargestforeignexchangemarket,thelargestgoldspottradingmarket,andthelargestderivativeItalsohasthelargestnumberofbranchesorofficesofforeignbanksintheworld'sthirdlargestinsurancemarket,animportantshiploanmarket,andanon-preciousmetaltradingcenter.TheCityofLondonemploysnearly400,000people,andmorethan550multinationalbanksandmorethan170internationalsecuritiescompanieshaveestablishedbranchesorofficesinLondon.
TheBankofEngland:Establishedin1694,itbecamethecentralbankoftheUnitedKingdomin1946,thefirstcentralbankintheworld.
HSBCHoldings:the20thlargestcompanyintheworld.
RoyalBankofScotland:The36thlargestcompanyintheworld.
ScotlandBankofHalifax:The45thlargestcompanyintheworld.
BarclaysBank:The70thlargestcompanyintheworld.
XiangDongkanjoinstheAsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank
TheUnitedKingdom(2015)submittedtoChinaonMarch12asafoundingmemberofitsintentiontojointheAsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(HereinafterreferredtoastheAIIB)confirmationletter,formallyapplytojointheAIIB.The(China)MinistryofFinancestatedthattheUKisexpectedtobecomeafoundingmemberoftheintentionnextmonth(April2015).WhentheUnitedStatesandJapan"coldlyrejected"theAIIB,theparticipationoftheUnitedKingdomgavetheinstitutionmoreofaninternationalfinancialinstitutioncolor.
TheUnitedKingdomwillbecomethe28thmemberstate.
Foreigninvestment
TheUKhasalwaysbeenanimportantexporterofinternationalcapital.Thisfeaturebecamemoreprominentwiththeremovalofforeignexchangecontrolsin1979andthediscoveryoftheNorthSeaoilfield.Inthefirsthalfofthe1980s,theamountofBritishforeigninvestmentwascomparabletothatoftheUnitedStatesandJapan,butwiththeeconomicrecessionintheearly1990s,Britishforeigninvestmentalsofellsharplyandthenbegantorisesharply.TheUK'sforeigndirectinvestmentranksfirstamongEUcountries.In2003,theBritishTradeBureauwasrenamedthe"TradeandInvestmentBureau",underwhichtheBritishTradePartnersBureauandtheInvestmentBureauwereestablished.
Investmentpromotion
TheBritishgovernmentencouragestheattractionofforeigninvestment.ForeigninvestmentprojectsintheUKaremainlycomputersoftware,informationtechnology,Internet,e-commerce,electronicsandcommunications,medicineandbiotechnology,managementindustry,automobiles,foodandbeverages,etc.Investmentformsincludeacquisitions,mergersofexistingenterprises,expansionofproductionscale,establishmentofscientificresearchbasesormultinationalcompanies,etc.TheUnitedStatesisthelargestinvestorinBritain,andChina'sinvestmentinBritainhasgraduallyincreased.AmongthecountriesthatinvestedintheUKfrom2011to2012,Chinajumpedfromseventhtothird,withaninvestmentincreaseof55%.Inordertosupportthegrowthofthistrend,theBritishgovernmenthassetupUKTrade&Investment(UKTrade&Investment)officesthroughoutChina.TheUKTradeandInvestmentAgencyisanagencyestablishedbytheBritishgovernmenttoprovidefull-serviceservicesforBritishcompaniesengagedintradeandforeigncompaniesinvestingintheUK.TheUKTradeandInvestmentAgencywasformerlyknownastheUKInternationalTradeAgency.ItwaschangedtothepresentinOctober2003.name.Accordingtothelateststatisticsin2013,UKTIhas235professionalserviceteamsandexpertsworldwideand1,265overseasstaff.TheBritishTradeAreaInvestmentAgencyhasofficesintheBritishEmbassyinBeijing,andtheBritishConsulatesinShanghai,Guangzhou,andChongqing.TheycanprovidealargenumberofprofessionalfreeservicesforChinesecompaniesinvestingintheUK.
ForeignTrade
TheUKhastraderelationswithmorethan80countriesandregionsintheworld,andthemaintradepartnersaretheEuropeanUnion,theUnitedStatesandJapan.Tradeinserviceshasbeeninsurplussince1966,withasurplusofUS$83.6billionin2008.Themainimportedproductsare:food,fuel,rawmaterials,clothing,footwear,electronicmachineryandequipment,automobiles,etc.Themainexportproductsare:petroleumandrelatedproducts,chemicalproducts(includingpharmaceuticalproducts),tobacco,beverages,machineryandequipment,etc.TheEuropeanUnionisBritain'slargesttradingpartner.AccordingtodatareleasedbytheUKNationalBureauofStatistics,theUK'sforeigntradedeficitingoodsandservicesreached3.3billionpounds(about5.31billionUSdollars)inJuly2014.
Culture
Langue
TheUnitedKingdomhasnoofficiallanguageinname.Infact,Englishisthemainlanguage.ThereareotherofficiallanguagesoutsideofEngland.Forexample,WelshisalsousedinnorthernWales,andGaelicisstillusedinpartsoftheNorthwestHighlandsofScotlandandNorthernIreland.PeoplefromallovertheworldwhohaveimmigratedtotheUKalsospeaktheirnativelanguages,suchasBengali,Chinese,Hindi,PunjabiandUrdu.TheUKhasthemostHindispeakersoutsideofIndia.
Religion
IntheUnitedKingdom,everyoneenjoysreligiousfreedom.Therefore,variousreligiousbeliefsareflourishinginvariouscentralareasoftheUnitedKingdom.Therearetwo"official"churchesintheUK:theChurchofEngland(TheAnglicanChurch)andtheChurchofScotland(ThePresbyterianChurch).Inaddition,variousreligionsandcountlessdenominationscanfindtheirrepresentativesintheUK.ResidentsmostlybelieveinProtestantChristianity,mainlydividedintotheChurchofEngland(alsoknownastheAnglicanChurch,whosemembersaccountforabout60%ofBritishadults)andtheChurchofScotland(alsoknownasthePresbyterianChurch,with590,000adultmembers).TherearealsolargerreligiouscommunitiessuchastheCatholicChurchandIslam,Hinduism,Sikhism,JudaismandBuddhism.
AccordingtoasurveyconductedbytheBritishHumanitiesAssociationin2011:2/3ofBritonsdonotrecognizethemselvesasbelievers.
AccordingtotheBritish"Guardian"reportonSeptember4,2017,asurveyshowedthatthenumberofyoungChristiansintheAnglicanChurchisfallingsharply,andonly15%ofBritishadultsconsiderthemselvestobeAnglicans, 53%ofadultshavenoreligiousbeliefs ,arecordhigh.
Sports
Rugby
In1895,someleague-stylerugbyclubsinnorthernEnglanddecidedtoturntheirathletestoprofessionalplayers,soTherehasbeenasituationwheretheUnitedRugbyandtheUnionRugbywillfightagainsteachother.Britishclubshaveachievedgoodresultsinthe"HeinekenCup"-alsoknownasthe"EuropeanCup".ThecompetitionbetweentheEnglishRugbyClassicandtheCelticLeagueisfierce,soticketsaresoldouteveryweek.TheRoyalBankofScotlandSixNationsChampionshipSixisheldfromJanuarytoFebruaryeveryyear.TheRugbyWorldCupheldeveryfouryearsisthebiggesteventinrugby.The2007championshipwaswonbytheSouthAfricanteam.
Football
TheUnitedKingdomisthebirthplaceofmodernfootball.MajorfootballmatchesincludetheEnglishPremierLeagueandtheScottishPremierLeague.In1848,the"CambridgeRules",thefirstwrittenruleofmodernfootball,wasborn.OnDecember1,1863,agroupofCambridgearistocratsvotedandfinallyledtothebirthofmodernfootballrules.ModernfootballimmediatelyoriginatedonthelawnofCambridgeUniversity.FootballiscalledfootballinBritishEnglishandsoccerinAmericanEnglish.ItisoneofthemostfavoriteentertainmentactivitiesofBritishpeople.TherearemanyfootballclubsintheUKwithhundredsofyearsofhistory.
Cricket
Cricket,alsoknownaswoodenball,iscalledthe"gentleman'sgame".Twoteamsof11attackanddefendalternately.Ofateamsport.ItsmodernformoriginatedintheUnitedKingdomandprevailedintheUnitedKingdom,Australia,NewZealand,India,SriLankaandothercountries.Thecricketseasonismainlyinthespringandsummer,whichisjustcomplementarytotheautumnandwinterfootballgames.Theoriginofcricketcanbetracedbacktothebeginningofthe13thcentury.Theearliestrulesofthegamebeganinthe18thcenturyandgraduallybecameoneofthemainformsofmen'ssports.Thegametimeisverylong.Acrickettestmatchis6hoursormoreperdayandlastsupto5days.Thereisalsoabreakforlunchandtea.Thecricketterminologyisnumerousandtherulesofthegamearecomplicated,whichtroublescricketlaymen,butforthefans,thesportisfullofpassionandfun.
Filmandtelevision
Britishfilmworksincludethe007series,"TheEnglishPatient","FourWeddingsandOneFuneral","HarryPotter"and"TombRaider",etc..TheUKproducesmorethan90filmseachyear,withanetoutputvalueof800millionpounds.ThecontinuedprosperityofdomesticandforeignfilmproductionprojectsdependsontheexcellenttechnologypossessedbytheUnitedKingdom.ThestimulusoffundsandtaxeshasattractedmanydomesticandforeignfilmmakerstoproducefilmsintheUK.IndustryexpertsattributethesuccessoftheBritishfilmindustrytothefollowing:therearemanytalentedactors;skilledandprofessionaltechniciansandproductionteams;topfilmstudios,post-production,visualeffectsandsoundequipment;andeasyaccesstoPermissionforshootingonmultipleoccasions.The"HarryPotter"seriesarewell-knowninBritishfilms.The2013Britishfilmsincludeworkssuchas"TwelveYearsasaSlave"and"Gravity".
Festivals
TheScienceFestivalbeganin1883andisheldonceayear.
ScienceWeekbeganin1994andisheldeveryMarch.
OnNewYear'sEveintheUnitedKingdom,peopleoftenbringpastriesandwinetovisit.Theydon'tknockonthedoorandwalkstraightintotheirrelativesandfriends'homes."NewYear'sEveBall"isanotherkindofcelebration.
Nourriture
Britishpeoplegenerallyprefercookingmethods:braising,grilling,fryinganddeep-frying.Thereareuniquewaysofcookingmeat,seafood,andgame;thereisaspecialpreferenceforbeef,suchasROASTEDBEEF,whichnotonlyincludesseasonalvegetablesandbakedpotatoes,butalsoaddstothesteak.Alittlemustardsauce;Ilikecreamandwineascondiments;Ilikefreshspicessuchasmeatballsandcinnamonasspices.
Britishpeopleareveryparticularaboutbreakfast.Britishrestaurantsserveawidevarietyofmeals,includingjuice,fruit,eggs,meat,porridge,bread,jamandcoffee.Nowadays,thepopularhightea(HIGHTEA)alsocomesfromtheUnitedKingdom.Themorewell-knownonesaretheVictorianstyle(VICTORIANSTYLE),whichincludesallkindsofsnacks,spongecakes,fruittarts(TARTE)andsandwiches.DinnerisalsothemostimportantpartofdailylifeforBritishpeople.Theyusuallychoosealatemealtime,andtheyeatanddrinkwhilechattingtopromotethefriendshipbetweenthediners,andadinnerisforthemSaiditmighttakeseveralhours.
Grilledsteak
ThisisamasterpieceofBritishcuisine.Itismadebyroastingalargepieceofrawbeefwithoilintheoven.Likesteak,whenyouorderthisdish,thewaiterwillaskyouwhetheryoulikeitraworcooked.Thecookedbeefcanbedippedinwesternmustardsauce,andtheYorkshirepuddingisalsofamousasasidedish.
FishandFrenchfries
Thisisthe"McDonald's"intheUK,whichisacheapandconvenientfood.Friedfishismostlyplaiceorcod,whichiseatenwithsaltorvinegar(manyBritishpeopleuseboth)togetherwithFrenchfries,andisverypopularamongordinarypeople.
VictoriaSpongeCake
Britishsocietyhasalong-standingtradition-afternoontea.Victoriaspongecakeisaclassicmust-haveforBritishafternoontea.ItisnamedafterQueenVictoria'sfavoritewayofeatingspongecake(alayerofcreamandalayerofjam).
Bitterbeer
BitterbeeristhemostrepresentativebeerinBritain.Itischaracterizedbyitslowalcoholcontent.Itissuppliedatthecellartemperatureandcanbefermentedinjustafewdays.Inthe20thcentury,inordertoenjoygreaterdiscounts,manybarsbecamefranchisestoresforspecificwineryproducts.Withitsfastproductioncycle,bitterbeerhasundoubtedlybecomeamagicformulaforbreweryoperatorstoimprovebeersupplyefficiency.
EtonMax
EtonMaxisadessertmadefromstrawberries,creamandmeringue.ItoriginatedfromthearistocraticschoolEtoninWindsor.study.Onetheoryisthatin1796,EatonCollegeanditsoldrivalWinchestermetinacricketmatchforthefirsttime,andthedessertEatonMaxappearedonthetableatthattime.Anotherversionisin1920.OnthecampusopendayofEtonCollege,aLabradordogsatontheblanketoftheowner'spicnicandflattenedtheowner'sstrawberrycreammeringuetocreateEatonMax.DessertEatonMaxhasbecomesynonymouswithsummerinEngland.
Militaire
NationalDefense
TheestablishmentoftheBritishArmywasaboutthemid-17thcentury.ThequeenisthenominalsupremecommanderoftheBritisharmy.Thehighestmilitarydecision-makingbodyisthe"NationalDefenseandOverseasPolicyCommittee".ThePrimeMinisterservesasthechairman.ThemembersincludetheMinisterofNationalDefense,theMinisterofForeignAffairs,theMinisteroftheInterior,andtheMinisterofFinance.Whennecessary,theChiefofStaffofNationalDefenseandtheChiefsofStaffoftheArmedForceswillattendthemeetingasnonvotingdelegates.TheMinistryofNationalDefenseisthenationaldefenseexecutiveagency,whichisnotonlytheadministrativedepartmentofthegovernment,butalsothehighestmilitarycommand.TheUnitedKingdomisthefoundingcountryandmainmemberoftheNATOGroup.Itisalsooneofthefivenuclearpowersandhasanindependentnuclearpower.
ThecoreoftheBritishnationalstrategyistoactivelyparticipateinworldaffairsandmaintaintheUK'sinternationalstatus;relyonanduseNATO'scollectivedefenseforcestoprotectthesecurityofEuropeandtheUK,andtoexpandtheUK'sinfluenceinEurope;StrengthentieswiththeCommonwealthcountriesandprotecttheirextensiveoverseasinterests.
Britishforceshavebasesaroundtheworld,suchasNorthernIreland,Cyprus,Germany,Gibraltar,Brunei,andtheFalklandIslands.
OnJune25,2018,thedefenseministersoftheEuropeanUnion9includingFrance,Germany,andtheUnitedKingdomsignedthe"EuropeanInterventionInitiative"letterofintentinLuxembourg,promisingtoformaEuropeanjointmilitaryinterventionforce.
MilitaryPower
TheBritishmilitaryindustryisdeveloped,andthemodernlevelofweaponsandequipmentranksamongtheworld'sadvanced.Themilitaryindustryhasaconsiderablescale,acompleterangeoftypes,andastrongtechnicalforce.Ithastheabilitytoindependentlydevelopvariouslarge-scaleweaponsandequipment,includingstrategicnuclearweapons,andsomeofitstechnologiesandequipmentrankfirst-classintheworld.Britainisamajorexporterofweaponsintheworld.Themainexportcategoriesincludemilitaryaircraft,tacticalmissiles,combatshipsandmilitaryelectronicequipment.
TheRoyalNavyiscomposedofsurfacenavalforces,navalaviation,marines,andsubmarineforces,withfourmajorfleets.Ithas121surfaceships.OnJuly4,2014,thelargestactive-dutyaircraftcarrier"QueenElizabeth"inthehistoryoftheBritishNavywasofficiallylaunched.
TheBritishArmyisoftendeployedoverseastoparticipateingroundcombatforces,multinationalcoalitionforces,orrelatedoperationsofUnitedNationspeacekeepingforces.
TheRoyalAirForceistheairforcearmoftheBritishArmy.ItwasfoundedonApril1,1918.Sincethen,ithasplayedanimportantroleinBritishmilitaryhistoryandhasplayedanimportantroleintheSecondWorldWarandtheIraqWar.Playthekeyrole.TheBritishAirForcehasmorethan450aircraftand200,000standingsoldiers.
Militaryexpenditure
TheUnitedKingdomhasthethirdlargestmilitaryexpenditureintheworld.Thedefensebudgetforthe2010-2011fiscalyearisapproximately36.9billionpounds(approximatelyUS$59billion).ThegovernmentestimatesthattheMinistryofDefensewillfaceabudgetdeficitof38billionpounds(US$60.8billion)inthenext10years.
Arms
Army:TheBritishArmyhas40battalions,andthetotalnumberofpersonnelremainsat117,000.Thearmydeploysquickly,movesflexibly,andhasstrongcombateffectivenessandresilience.
AirForce:TheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbytornadoairsuperiorityfighters,withabout300aircraft,groundattackaircraftincluding50Jaguars,60Falconverticaltake-offandlandingfighters,andEagleattackfighters150.,TheBritishNavyhas40Falconverticaltakeoffandlandingfighters,atotalofmorethan600,andGermanyandWestjointlydevelopedthe"EuropeanJointFighter"EFABritainwillintroduceabout250.
Navy:Withaircraftcarrierasthecore,destroyerescort,nuclearsubmarineorsubmarine,itiscalledtheglobalpresencenavy(OceanNavy)(theabovedataisin2004).
Transportation
Aperçu
Britishtransportationinfrastructureisrelativelycomplete.Land,railway,waterandairtransportationarealldeveloped.Londonhasaverydevelopedsubwaynetwork.TheAnglo-Frenchsubmarinetunnelwasopenedin1994,connectingtherailsystembetweentheUKandtheEuropeancontinent.AftertheCamerongovernmentcametopower,itlaunchedahigh-speedrailplan.TheBritishgovernmentplanstoinvest32billionpoundstobuildahigh-speedrailnetworkconnectingLondonandBirminghamtoNorthEngland.Constructionisexpectedtostartin2017andbecompletedin2026.
Railway
Theprivatizationwascompletedin1997.Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,thetotallengthoftheBritishrailwaywas16,600kilometers.In2006,thetotalrailwaypassengervolumewas46.497billionperson-kilometers;thetotalfreightvolumewas22.1billionton-kilometers.TheNationalRailwayandtheLondonUndergroundrespectivelybear49%and44%oftherailwaysystem'straffic,andtherestisbornebythelightrail.
In2012,theBritishgovernmentapprovedtheBritishHighSpeedRailwayNo.2,theHS2project,tobuildtheLondon-Birminghamhigh-speedrailway,theBirmingham-Leedshigh-speedrailway,andtheBirmingham-Manchesterhigh-speedrailway.
Highways
ThetotallengthofBritishhighwaysis397,000kilometers,ofwhich3701.5kilometersarehighways,whichbear21%ofthetraffic;47,300kilometersareA-classhighways,whichbear45%ofthetraffic.Traffic.AsoftheendofJune2019,thetotalnumberofregisteredmotorvehicleswas38.7million,and728,000newmotorvehicleswereaddedinthesecondquarterof2019.
Watertransportation
TheUKinlandwaterwayhasatotalof3,200kilometers,ofwhich620kilometersareusedforfreight.TheThamesisthebusiestinlandwatercanal,followedbytheForthRiver.Seatransportundertakes95%offoreigntradetransportation.In2007,therewere474merchantshipsover1,000tonsintheUK,withagrosstonnageof11.724milliontons.In2007,thetotalthroughputofBritishportswas583milliontons,withexportsof218milliontonsandimportsof365milliontons.TherearemanylargeandsmallportsintheUK,ofwhich100areimportantcommercialports,and52portshaveanannualthroughputofmorethan1milliontons.Portswithathroughputofmorethan10milliontonsare:Grimsby-Immingham,London,Tees-Hartpool,Foss,Milford-Haven,Southampton,Liverpool,Salonworth,thePhilippinesLikesto,Dover,etc.Throughthedevelopmentofshippingfinanceandmaritimeservices,theUKhasmaintaineditsstatusasaglobalshippingpricingcenterandmanagementcenter.LondonistheheadquartersofinternationalshippingorganizationssuchastheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationandtheInternationalShippingFederation.
Airfreight
AllairlinesandmostairportsintheUKareprivatecompanies.In2007,thereweremorethan50airlineswith952aircraftinservice,carrying24.1millionpassengers,passengermileageof314billionkilometers,andfreighttransportationvolumeof54.181billiontons.BritishAirways(BritishAirways)isoneoftheworld'slargestairlines,withmorethan300aircraft,anditsroutescoverabout220citiesinmorethan90countriesandregions.Thereare449airportsintheUK,35ofwhichhaveanannualpassengerflowofmorethan100,000.ThelargestairportintheUKisLondonHeathrowAirport,whichisalsothelargestinEuropeandoneofthelargestandbusiestintheworld,with80.9millionpassengersin2019;GatwickAirportisthesecondlargestairportintheUK,with46.6millionpassengersin2019.OnDecember11,2015,theBritishgovernmentpostponeditsdecisiononwhethertobuildanewrunwayatHeathrowAirport.TheconstructionofathirdrunwaywillalsoconnecttheUKto40newdestinations.Butthisassessmentreportsaidthatthenewrunwayshouldreducetheenvironmentandnoise.
Society
Technology
TheUKisoneoftheworld'simportantresearchanddevelopmentbasesforhigh-techandhighvalue-addedindustries,andscientificresearchinvolvesmanyscientificfields.AsofAugust2014,theUnitedKingdomhas1%oftheworld'spopulationand5%oftheworld'sscientificresearchwork,with9%publishedacademicpapersand12%citations,secondonlytotheUnitedStates.Thenumberofinternationalawardwinnersaccountsforabout10%oftheworld.Thereare78NobelPrizewinnersinscience,rankingsecondintheworld.Stronginbiotechnology,aviationandnationaldefense.
Éducation
England,WalesandScotlandimplementacompulsoryeducationsystemfor5-16yearsold,andNorthernIrelandimplementsacompulsoryeducationsystemfor4-16yearsold.Compulsoryeducationisinchargeoflocalgovernments,whilehighereducationisinchargeofthecentralgovernment.
Britishattachesgreatimportancetotheimprovementofeducationandscientificresearch,andcontinuestoincreaseinvestmentineducation.Studentsinpublicschoolsinprimaryandsecondaryschoolsareexemptfrompayingtuition,accountingformorethan90%ofthetotalnumberofstudents.Privateschoolshavebetterteachersandteachingequipment,butthefeesarehigh.Mostofthestudentsarechildrenofwealthyfamilies,accountingforabout7%ofthetotalnumberofstudents.TheEnglishblindnessrateisonly1%.
About40%ofmiddleschoolgraduatescanreceivehighereducation.Therearemorethan110universitiesandcollegesofhighereducationinthecountry.Well-knowninstitutionsofhigherlearningincludeOxfordUniversity,CambridgeUniversity,ImperialCollegeLondon,LondonSchoolofEconomics,UniversityofStAndrews,UniversityCollegeLondon,UniversityofWarwick,UniversityofManchester,UniversityofEdinburghandCardiffUniversity.Therearecurrentlymorethan300,000overseasstudentsstudyinginBritishcollegesanduniversities.
Britishisoneoftheworld'simportantresearchanddevelopmentbasesforhigh-techandhighvalue-addedindustries,anditsscientificresearchinvolvesalmostallscientificfields.With1%oftheworld'spopulation,5%oftheworld'sscientificresearchisengagedin,9%ofpublishedacademicpapersand12%ofcitations,secondonlytotheUnitedStates.Thenumberofinternationalawardwinnersaccountsforabout10%oftheworld,andmorethan90NobelPrizewinnershaveemergedsofar,rankingsecondintheworld.Ithasstrongcompetitivenessinbiotechnology,aviationandnationaldefense.In2017,theBritishgovernment'sR&Dinvestmentaccountedfor1.69%ofGDP.Compulsoryeducationsystemfor5-16yearsold.
Medical
TheBritishNationalHealthService(NHS)wasestablishedin1948bythethenLaborPartygovernmentandhascontinuedtoprovidefreemedicalservicestoallpeople.
AccordingtostatisticsfromtheWorldHealthOrganization,in2011,thetotalmedicalandhealthexpenditureintheUKaccountedfor9.4%ofGDP.Accordingtopurchasingpowerparity,thepercapitamedicalandhealthexpenditurewas3364USdollars.From2006to2013,therewereanaverageof28doctors,89nursingandmidwiferystaff,6dentists,and7pharmacistsper10,000people.From2006to2012,therewereanaverageof29hospitalbedsper10,000people.
Newsmedia
AsofAugust2014,thereareabout1,350newspapers,7,000weeklymagazinesandmagazinesintheUK:"DailyExpress","DailyMail","DailyMirror"TheDailyStar,TheSun,TheFinancialTimes,TheDailyTelegraph,TheGuardian,TheIndependent,TheTimes,WorldNews,SundayExpress,SundayMirror,SundayMail"ThePeople'sDaily","TheSundayTelegraph","TheObserver","TheSundayTimes","TheEconomist"andsoon.InthesixmonthsbeforeMarch2004,theBritishDailyhadaweeklycirculationof12.7millioncopiesandaSundaycirculationof14millioncopies.
ThenewsagenciesmainlyincludeReuters,NewsAssociationandAFXNewsCo.,Ltd.Thereare5televisionstationscoveringthewholecountrythroughterrestrialtransmission,namelytheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC),thethirdchannelBritishindependenttelevision(ITV),thefourthchannel(Channel4),thefifthchannel(FIVE)andspecificallyfortheWelshregionAnduseS4CinWelsh.Inaddition,therearesatelliteTVandcableTV,suchasSkyTV.
Diplomacy
ForeignPolicy
Britishlandscape(20photos)
TheUnitedKingdomisapermanentmemberoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilItisoneofseveralnuclearpowersintheworld,andanimportantmemberstateof120internationalorganizationssuchastheEuropeanUnion,NATO,theCommonwealth,andtheWesternEuropeanUnion.AdvocatestrengtheningrelationswiththeUnitedStatesandrealizingcommoninterests.Attachimportancetothedevelopmentofrelationswithotherbigcountries,andstrivetoimproverelationswithChina,Russia,Indiaandotherbigcountries.StrivetomaintaintraditionaltieswithCommonwealthcountries,maintainandexpandinfluenceindevelopingcountries.Activelyparticipateinglobalaffairs,maintainastrongnationaldefenseforce,andemphasizefreetrade.Strengtheninternationalcooperationonissuessuchasenvironmentalprotection,humanrights,andsustainabledevelopment.Puthumanrightsissuesatthecoreofitsforeignpolicy.ForeignRelations
RelationswithEurope
InJanuary1960,inordertofightagainsttheEuropeanCommunity,theUnitedKingdomandAustria,Denmark,Norway,andPortugal,Switzerland,andSwedenformallysignedthe"EuropeanFreeTradeAssociationTreaty."Duetotheuneveneconomiclevelsofthememberstatesandtheimplementationoflooseintergovernmentalcooperation,itisdifficultforthealliancetocompetewiththeEuropeanCommunity.In1961and1967,BritainappliedtojointheEuropeanCommunitytwice,butwasnotapproved.Attheendof1972,Britainwithdrewfromthealliance.In1973,theUnitedKingdomjoinedtheEuropeanCommunity.However,thedifferencesanddifferencesbetweentheUnitedKingdomandtheEuropeancountrieshavenotbeentrulyresolved,andtheUnitedKingdom'sattitudetowardstheEuropeanCommunityisstillfullofuncertainty,whichhaslaidhiddendangersforthesubsequentoutbreakofcontradictionsbetweenthetwosides.TheEuropeandebtcrisisthatbrokeoutin2009rewrittentheexternalenvironmentandinternalstructureoftheUK-EUrelationship,notonlyrapidlyfermentingBritain'ssuspicionofEurope,butalsospeedingupthepaceofBrexit.OnJune23,2016,theUnitedKingdomheldareferendum,and52%ofvoterschose"Brexit".OnJanuary31,2020,theUnitedKingdomofficiallywithdrewfromtheEuropeanUnion.
RelationshipwiththeUnitedStates
BeforethefoundingoftheUnitedStates,theUnitedStateswasaBritishcolony,andtheAmericanWarofIndependencebrokeoutbetweentheUnitedStates,andBritainandtheUnitedStatesareinawarrelationship;
DuringWorldWarII,BritainandtheUnitedStatesformedanalliance.AfterWorldWarII,theyarebothNATOmembers,andthetwocountriesareinaNATOalliance.
RelationshipwithIreland
IrelandandtheUnitedKingdomsignedalandmarkmutualexemptionagreementforshort-termvisasbetweenthetwocountriesonOctober6,2014,allowingTouristsandbusinesspeoplefromnon-EUcountriessuchasChina,India,andRussiacanuseonevisatotravelthroughthetwoislandcountrieswithouthindrance.
RelationswithFrance
InNovember2010,theBritishandFrenchgovernmentssignedamilitarycooperationagreement,agreeingtocreateajointforce,shareaircraftcarriers,andDevelopnewnucleartestfacilities.
RelationshipwithChina
InJanuary1950,theBritishgovernmentannouncedtherecognitionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.
OnJune17,1954,ChinaandBritainreachedanagreementonmutualagency.
OnMarch13,1972,thetwocountriessignedajointcommuniquéonthepromotionofdiplomaticrelationsattheambassadoriallevel.
InSeptember1982,BritishPrimeMinisterThatchervisitedChinaasthefirstincumbentBritishPrimeMinister.
InDecember1984,Mrs.ThatchervisitedChinaagain,andthetwocountriessignedtheSino-BritishJointDeclarationonHongKong.
InOctober1986,QueenElizabethIIofEnglandpaidastatevisittoChina.ThisisthefirstvisittoChinabyaBritishheadofstateinhistory.
OnJuly1,1997,ChinaandBritainsuccessfullycompletedthehandoverofHongKong'sreturnofpower.
In1998,theheadsofgovernmentofthetwocountriessuccessfullyexchangedvisitsandestablishedacomprehensivepartnership.
InOctober1999,PresidentJiangZeminpaidastatevisittotheUnitedKingdom.ThiswasthefirstvisitbyaChinesePresidenttotheUnitedKingdom.
OnthemorningofNovember9,2010,BritishPrimeMinisterCameronarrivedinBeijingandbeganhisofficialvisittoChina.
FromJune16to19,2014,LiKeqiangpaidanofficialvisittotheUK.
Specialties
ScotchWhiskey
BritishScotchwhiskyhasalonghistory.ThespecialwaterqualityoftheScottishHighlandsandtheextremelystrictbrewingprocessmakeThewhiskeyproducedthereisknownas"liquidgold".
TeddyBear
TeddyBearhasaroundandplumpfigureandlimbs,fluffyandgentleangorawool,simplematerialsandEmbroiderythread,honestexpression,and100%handsewingandstuffingoperations.
Silverware
Britishsilverwareisverygorgeous,well-madeandcomplicated,andispopularwithtouristsfromallovertheworld,especiallysilverChristmastablewareInadditiontobeingbeautiful,therearemanyvarieties,fromcandleholderstoknivesandforkstoplates.TheproductionofthistypeofsilverwareisalsoatraditionalBritishcraftsmanship.
Leatherproducts
Britishleatherproductshavealonghistory.Therefinementandimprovementofthepastdynastiesformacontemporarystyle.Britishleatherproductsalwayswanttoshowasteadyandrefinedgentlemantemperament.
WedgewoodCeramics
Britishartceramicshasstrongdemand.TheUnitedKingdomistheearliestcountryinEuropetoproduceceramics,andceramicsaremorecommonlyusedintheUnitedKingdom.Inadditiontoitsownlargeexportofceramics,Britainalsoimportsalargenumberofceramics.BonemagnetsarethemostfamousintheUK.Thetoptenfamousmagnetsintheworld(bonemagnets)areallintheUK,focusingonthedurabilityoftheproducts.WidowwoodPorcelainhasundergonedifferentendurancetests,includingtheworldrecordsetinSeptember1988.FourWidowwoodcoffeecupswerecarriedbya50-tonearth-carryingtruck,whichshowstheirfirmness.
Sherry
SherryisthetransliterationofEnglishSherry,anditisalsotranslatedintoXieLi,XieLiandsoon.ThiskindofwineiscalledGretzwineinSpain.BecausetheBritishloveitverymuch,itiscalledSherry(princemeaning)byitssimilarEnglishtransliteration.Manycountriesintheworldhaveimitatedsherry.
Britishblacktea
BritishblackteahasbecomeanimportantbeveragefortheBritish.Inthepast,aristocraticafternoonteawasalwaysveryparticular.Inalargecourtyard,itwasalwaysdifficulttogatherfamilymemberstodrinkblackteaontime,sotheyshooktheirexquisitebellsandusedthesoundofbells.Tellthefamilythatit'stimeforafternoontea.
Tourism
Attractions
Edinburgh | PulteneyThreeArchBridge | BathRomanBaths | HolyroodPalace | RoyalCrescentBuilding | GreenwichPark |
EdinburghCastle | ScotchWhiskyCenter | MaritimeMuseum | MillenniumGiantEgg | VictoriaandAlbertMuseum | King'sCollege |
St.Mary'sChurch | LondonHouseofParliament | ElizabethTower | Thames | BuckinghamPalace | BritishMuseum |
MadameTussauds | HolmesMuseum | GreenwichObservatory | HydePark | HamptonPalace | KensingtonPalace |
TowerofLondon | St.Paul'sCathedral | TowerBridge | SwordBridge | WindsorCastle | WestminsterAbbey |
UniversityofCambridge | LegolandWindsor | EtonCollege | LondonEye | Shakespeare'sGlobeTheatre | Stonehenge |
HistoricSites
NumerouscastlesandcountryhousesaretestimoniestothelonghistorythatBritishlandandpropertyareownedbyaristocraticfamilies.Alargenumberofpreciousancientbuildingshavebeenwellpreserved,includingtheBlenheimPalaceoftheDukeofMarlborough,whichisstillinuse,theChatsworthPalaceoftheDukeofDevonshire(CZATSWORTH),andtheLongleyoftheMarquisofBathLONGLEATHOUSE,theseprivateestatesandresidencesbuiltbytheprincesandnoblesintheTudor,Hanover,WindsorandotherhistoricalperiodsaretypicalrepresentativesofBritishhistoricalarchitecture.Manyprivateestatesandmansionsscatteredinthetownsandvillages,aswellasancientcitywalls,watchtowers,uniquebuildingsandothermonumentalbuildingshavebeenactivelyprotectedasBritishhistoricalheritage.Includingancientminingtowers,millsandfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution,ironbridgesandotherbridgesbuiltbyThomasTelford,theForthBridge,amasterpieceofsteelarchitecture,andthebeautifullyshapedClifftownSuspensionBridge,etc.Wait.ThepainterGaoHeqiusesChineseinkpaintingtoexpresstheScottishStoweOldStone,whichreflectstheintegrationofChineselandscapebrushandinklanguagewithforeignscenery.
Gardens
Britishphotos(16photos)
InEnglish,traditionalgardensarecalledGardenorPark.Fromthe14thand15thcenturiestothemid-19thcentury,thecontentandscopeofWesterngardenshavegreatlyexpanded.Gardendesignhasexpandedfromthedesignofthemainprivatecourtyardinhistorytotheequalemphasisonparksandprivategardens.Thefunctionofthegardenisnolongerjustanextensionoffamilylife,butisresponsibleforimprovingtheurbanenvironmentandprovidingaplaceforcitizenstorest,communicateandenjoy.TheNationalTrustoftheUnitedKingdomandtheNationalTrustofScotlandtakecareofapproximately240gardensintheUKanddevelopthemforthepublic.英国遗产保护组织也是部分英国最重要的风景胜地的监护人，其照管的园林中包括肯特郡唐豪斯的查尔斯·达尔文园林、埃塞克斯郡的奥德雷庄园由多才多艺的布朗设计的十八世纪景观园林、以及位于肯特郡的沃尔姆尔城堡，由朋尼洛普·霍布霍斯设计的伊丽莎白女王皇太后园林等等。除此之外，还有设计师伊莎贝尔·冯·格罗内尼根为伦敦南部埃尔珊姆宫（Eltham）设计的南护城河园林、奥斯本庄园中由鲁伯特·高尔比设计的带围墙的花果园林和怀特岛维多利亚女王的家庭园林等。
英国的各大城市，特别是伦敦，都以其美丽动人、受到良好保护的公园而声名远扬。包括海德公园、圣詹姆士公园和格林公园在内的伦敦皇家园林代表了欧洲园林艺术的最高水平，不仅如此，在大伦敦随处都可以看到造型优美、看护得当的园林供公众娱乐和休闲使用。位于伦敦西南部基尤的皇家植物园收集了大量现存和被保护的树木、种子和植物，植物园本身就是一本植物王国的百科全书，同时也成为全球植物学研究的科学中心。在康沃尔，千年委员会提供了四千万英镑的资金，用以将一个废弃的粘土坑转化成为一个全新的、在全世界绝无仅有的园林，即众所周知的伊甸项目。
英格兰有7个国家公园，威尔士有3个国家公园，每个国家公园内都保存有大面积的天然美景，其中大部分都属于私人所有。1688年的光荣革命确立了君主立宪政体，18世纪60年代至19世纪30年代成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家，国力迅速壮大。18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球七大洲，是当时世界上最强大的国家和第一大殖民帝国，其殖民地面积等于本土的111倍，号称日不落帝国。在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利，但国力严重受损。到20世纪下半叶大英帝国解体，资本主义世界霸权的地位被美国取代。不过，现在英国仍是一个在世界范围内有巨大影响力的大国。
名人
大卫·贝克汉姆 | 史蒂夫·麦克马纳曼 | 阿兰·希勒 | 里奥·费迪南德 | 大卫·希曼 | 史蒂文·杰拉德 | 加雷斯·贝尔 |
保罗·加斯科因 | 加里·莱因克尔 | 韦恩·鲁尼 | 保罗·斯科尔斯 | 瑞恩·吉格斯 | 弗兰克·兰帕德 | 约翰·特里 |
泰迪·谢林汉姆 | 凯文·基冈 | 迈克尔·欧文 | 戈登·班克斯 | 博比·查尔顿 | 哈里·凯恩 | 彼特·希尔顿 |
本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇 | 汤姆·希德勒斯顿 | 查理·卓别林 | 詹姆斯·麦卡沃伊 | 克里斯蒂安·贝尔 |
保罗·麦卡特尼 | 凯拉·奈特利 | 凯特·温斯莱特 | 伊万·麦格雷戈 | 杰森·斯坦森 |
乔治·哈里森 | 林戈·斯塔尔 | 凯特·贝金赛尔 | 丹尼尔·克雷格 | 海伦娜·卡特 |
费雯丽 | 凯瑟琳·泽塔琼斯 | 丹尼尔·雷德克里夫 | 布莱恩·考克斯 | 伊恩·麦凯伦 |
奥黛丽·赫本 | 裘德·洛 | 汤姆·费尔顿 | 杰里米·布雷特 | 雷德利·斯科特 |
肖恩·康纳利 | 克里斯托弗·诺兰 | 艾玛·沃特森 | 蒂姆·罗斯 | 詹森·艾萨克 |
罗杰·摩尔 | 安东尼·霍普金斯 | 鲁伯特·格林特 | 加里·奥德曼 | 保罗·贝塔尼 |
休·格兰特 | 奥兰多·布鲁姆 | 马修·麦克菲迪恩 | 拉尔夫·范恩斯 | 科林·费尔斯 |
披头士乐队 | 罗比·威廉姆斯 | 西城男孩 | 滚石乐队 | 单向组合 |
皇后乐队 | 酷玩乐队 | 詹姆斯·布朗特 | 阿黛尔·阿德金斯 | 菲姬 |
丽安娜·刘易斯 | 原子少女猫 | 辣妹 | 艾尔顿·约翰 | Mika |
JessieJ | - | - | - | - |
艾萨克·牛顿 | 罗伯特·达尔文 | 詹姆斯·麦克斯韦 | 威廉·莎士比亚 | 弗兰西斯·培根 |
珀西·雪莱 | 斯蒂芬·霍金 | 柯南·道尔 | 艾米莉·勃朗特 | 詹姆斯·瓦特 |
阿加莎·克里斯蒂 | 亚当·斯密 | 奥利弗·克伦威尔 | 迈克尔·法拉第 | 爱德华·詹纳 |
乔治·伯纳 | 罗伯特·沃波尔 | 夏洛蒂·勃朗特 | 奥斯卡·王尔德 | 丹尼尔·笛福 |
查尔斯·狄更斯 | 劳合·乔治 | 约翰·列侬 | 亚历山大·麦昆 | 威廉·皮特（父子） |
理查一世 | 威灵顿公爵 | 维多利亚女王 |
阿尔弗雷德大帝 | 伊丽莎白一世 | 温斯顿·丘吉尔 |
亚瑟王 | 托尼·布莱尔 | 玛格丽特·希尔达·撒切尔 |