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New Energy Technology



Type

Cleancoal

Adoptadvancedcombustionandpollutiontreatmenttechnologyandefficientandcleancoalutilizationmethods(suchascoalgasificationandliquefaction)toreducecombustionThedischargeofcoalpollutantsandtheimprovementofcoalutilizationhavebecomeanimportantstrategictaskformycountryandtheworld.

Solarenergy

Thesunradiatestremendousenergyintotheuniverse,andwhattheearthacceptsisonlyatinypartofit.Duetodifferentgeographicallocations,seasonsandclimaticconditions,thesolarenergyreceivedbydifferentlocationsandatdifferenttimesisdifferent.Theaveragesolarenergyreceivedbythegroundisroughly:theNordicregionisabout2kilowattspersquaremeterperday/Hours,mostdesertareasandmosttropicalareasandsunnyaridareasareabout6kilowatts/hourpersquaremeter.Thesolarenergyusedbymankindislessthan1%ofthetotalenergyconsumption.

Geothermalenergy

Accordingtocalculations,inmostpartsoftheearth,thetemperaturerisesbyabout3℃forevery100metersdownfromthesurface.Thetemperaturebelow35kilometersisabout1100°Cto1300°C,andthetemperatureofthecoreisevenmorethan2000°C.Itisestimatedthattheheattransferredfromtheinsideoftheearthtothesurfaceoftheeartheachyearisapproximatelyequivalenttotheheatreleasedbyburning37billiontonsofcoal.Ifonlythetotalheatofundergroundhotwaterandundergroundsteamiscalculated,itis17milliontimestheheatstoredbyallcoalontheearth.

Geothermalenergyismainlyusedforpowergeneration,butthewaysofnon-electricapplicationsarealsoverybroad.Theworld'sfirstexperimentalpowerstationusinggeothermalpowerwasputintooperationinItalyin1904.Geothermalresourceshavereceivedwidespreadattentionsincethe1960s.Manycountriesintheworldareactivelystudyingthedevelopmentandutilizationofgeothermalresources.Geothermalenergyismainlyusedforpowergeneration,andthetotalinstalledcapacityofgeothermalpowergenerationhasreachedmillionsofkilowatts.

mycountryisalsorichingeothermalresources.High-temperaturegeothermalresourcesaremainlydistributedinTibet,westernYunnanandTaiwan.

Nuclearenergy

Comparedwithtraditionalenergysources,nuclearenergyhasobviousadvantages.Theenergyproducedbyfissionof1kilogramofuranium235isapproximatelyequivalenttotheheatreleasedbythecombustionof2500tonsofstandardcoal.Amodernthermalpowerstationwithaninstalledcapacityof1millionkilowattsneedsabout2to3milliontonsofrawcoaleachyear,whichisaboutthetransportationvolumeof8trainsperday.Anuclearpowerplantofthesamesizeonlyneeds28tonsofenricheduraniumcontaining2353%uraniumor150tonsofnaturaluraniumfueleachyear.Therefore,eveniftheeconomicbenefitsbroughtaboutbyusingthesavedcoalasachemicalrawmaterialarenotcalculated,itismuchmoreconvenientandmuchmoreeconomicaljustconsideringthetransportationandstorageofthefuel.Accordingtoestimates,therearenomorethan4milliontonsofeconomicallyvaluableuraniumoreintheearth'scrust,andtheenergythatcanbereleasedisroughlyequivalenttothatofpetroleumresources.Ifconsumedatarate,itcanonlybeusedfordecadesatbest.However,duringthefissionofuranium235,inadditiontogeneratingheat,excessneutronsarealsogenerated.Someoftheseneutronscanreactwithuranium238.Afteraseriesofchanges,plutonium239canbeobtained,andplutonium239canalsobeusedasnuclearfuel.Usingthesemethodscangreatlyexpandthepreciousuranium-235resources.

Nuclearreactorsonlyusenuclearfissionreactions.Iftheideaof​​controllablethermonuclearreactionpowergenerationisrealized,thebenefitswillbeextremelyconsiderable.Amajorissueintheuseofnuclearenergyissafety.Duringnormaloperationofnuclearpowerplants,asmallamountofradioactivesubstanceswillinevitablybedischargedintothesurroundingenvironmentalongwithwastegasandwastewater,whichmustbestrictlycontrolled.Manypeopleworrythattheradiationfromnuclearpowerplantswillcauseharm.Infact,therehasbeenradioactivityintheenvironmentofhumanlifesinceancienttimes.Thedatashowsthatevenifpeoplelivenearnuclearpowerplants,theincreasedradioactiveexposuredoseisnegligible.Factshaveprovedthataslongasitistakenseriouslyandmeasuresaretaken,nuclearpowerplantsarefarlessharmfulthanthermalpowerplants.Accordingtoexpertestimates,comparedtopowerplantswiththesamepowergeneration,thenumberofcancerdeathscausedbycoal-firedpowerplantsis50to1,000timeshigherthanthatofnuclearpowerplants,andthegeneticeffectis100timeshigher.

Oceanenergy

Oceanenergyincludes:tidalenergy,waveenergy,oceancurrentenergyandseatemperaturedifferenceenergy,etc.,whichareallrenewableenergysources.

Thetidalmotionofseawateriscausedbythegravitationalforceofthemoonandthesun.Accordingtocalculations,underthecombinedactionofthesunandthemoon,themaximumfluctuationofthetideisabout0.8meters.Duetotheinfluenceoffactorssuchasthetopographyofthecoastalzone,theactualtidalfluctuationsofsomecoastswillgreatlyexceedthegeneralvalue.Forexample,themaximumtidalrangeofHangzhouBayinmycountryis8to9meters.Theriseandfallofthetidescontainsconsiderableenergy.Accordingtoestimates,theavailabletidalenergyintheworldisabout109kilowatts,mostofwhichareconcentratedontherelativelyshallowandnarrowseas.Tidalpowergenerationonlystartedinthe1950s.ThelargesttidalpowerstationthathasbeenbuiltistheFrenchRanceEstuaryPowerStation.Ithasatotalinstalledcapacityof240,000kilowattsandanannualpowergenerationof500millionkWh.Sincetheendofthe1950s,mycountryhasbuiltanumberoftidalpowerstations.ThelargestistheGanzhutanPowerStationinShundeCounty,GuangdongProvince,builtin1974,withaninstalledcapacityof500.kilowatt.ThecoastalareasofZhejiangandFujianareidealareasfortheconstructionoflarge-scaletidalpowerstationsinChina.Expertshavedonealotofresearchanddemonstrationwork,andlarge-scaledevelopmentcanbedoneoncetheconditionsareripe.

Therearenever-endingwavesinthesea.Accordingtoestimates,thepowerofwaveenergypersquarekilometerontheseasurfaceisabout10x104to20x104kilowatts.Attheendofthe1970s,mycountrybegantousewaveenergyasenergybuoylightsintheSouthChinaSea.In1974,thepowerofthewavepowergenerationdevicebuiltinJapanreached100kilowatts.Manycountriesareactivelyconductingresearchonthedevelopmentofwaveenergy.

Theoceancurrentisalsocalledoceancurrent.Itislikeariverintheocean.Ithasacertainwidth,length,depthandvelocity.Generally,thewidthisbetweentenstohundredsofnauticalmiles,andthelengthcanreachthousandsofnauticalmiles.Aboutafewhundredmeters,theflowrateisusually1to2nauticalmiles/hour,andthefastestcanreach4-5nauticalmiles/hour.Thereisawarmcurrentcalled"Kuroshio"inthePacificOcean,withawidthofabout100nauticalmiles,anaveragedepthof400meters,andanaveragedailyvelocityof30to80nauticalmiles.Itsflowis20timesthesumofallriversonland.Insomecountries,oceancurrentpowergenerationtestdevicesarealreadyinoperation.

Wateristhematerialwiththelargestheatcapacityontheearth.Mostofthesolarradiationenergyreachingtheearthisabsorbedbyseawater.Itkeepsthesurfacelayerofseawateratahighertemperature,whilethetemperatureofdeepseawaterisbasicallyConstant,whichcreatesatemperaturedifferencebetweenthesurfaceanddeeplayersoftheocean.Accordingtothesecondlawofthermodynamics,theexistenceofahigh-temperatureheatsourceandalow-temperatureheatsourcecanconstituteaheatenginetoperformexternalwork,andtheutilizationofseawatertemperaturedifferenceenergyisbasedonthisprinciple.Inthe1920s,therehavebeenexperimentsinwhichseawatertemperaturedifferencecangenerateelectricity.In1956,alarge-scaleexperimentalseawaterthermoelectricpowerstationwasbuiltonthecoastofWestAfrica.Itusedatemperaturedifferenceof20°Ctogenerate7,500kilowattsofelectricity.

Superconductingenergy

Superconductingenergystorageisawaytodirectlystoreelectricalenergywithoutenergyconversion.Itintroducescurrentintotheinductorcoil.Sincethecoilismadeofsuperconductor,theoreticallyTheupcurrentcancirculatecontinuouslywithoutlossuntilitisexported.Thematerialsusedinsuperconductingcoilsmainlyincludeniobiumtitanium(NbTi)andniobiumtin(Nb3Sn)superconductingmaterials,bismuthseriesandyttriumbariumcopperoxide(YBCO)hightemperaturesuperconductingmaterials,etc.ThecommonfeatureofthesematerialsisthattheyneedtooperateinliquidThesuperconductingpropertiescanonlybemaintainedunderlowtemperatureconditionsofheliumorliquidnitrogen.Therefore,atypicalsuperconductingmagneticenergystoragedeviceincludessuperconductingmagnetunits,cryogenicthermostats,andpowerconversionsystems.

Superconductingmagneticenergystoragehasthecharacteristicsofhighenergyconversionefficiency(upto95%),millisecond-levelresponsespeed,high-powerandlarge-capacitysystems,andlonglife.However,comparedwithothertechnologies,superconductingThecostofsuperconductingmaterialsforenergystoragesystemsandmaintaininglowtemperaturesisrelativelyhigh.Inordertorealizethelarge-scaleapplicationofsuperconductingmagneticenergystorageinthefuture,itisstillnecessarytodevelopsuperconductorsofMJ-levelsystemssuitableforoperationintheliquidnitrogentemperaturezone,solvetheproblemofmechanicalsupportofhigh-fieldmagnetwindings,andcombinewithflexiblepowertransmissiontechnologytofurtherreduceinvestmentandoperationResearchoncost,distributedsuperconductingmagneticenergystorageanditseffectivecontrolandprotectionstrategies.

Application

Applicationofnewenergytechnologyintheautomotiveindustry

Today'ssociety,economyandtechnologyareconstantlydevelopingrapidlywhileenergyconsumptionistoolarge,resultingincontinuousenergyconsumption.Problemssuchasexhaustionandseriousenvironmentalpollutionhavebecomeincreasinglyobvious.Nowadays,energyconservationandemissionreductionarebeingpromotedinvariouspartsoftheworld.Greenenvironmentalprotectionhasbecomethemainbodyintoday'ssociety.Today,theautomotiveindustryhasbecomeoneofthelargestenergyconsumptionandpollutionindustriesintheworld.Tosolvetheproblemsofenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalpollution,weshouldfirststartwiththeautomobileindustrytoreduceenergyconsumptionandpollution.

1Energy-savingtechnologyforautomobiles

1.1Hybridtechnology

1.2High-efficiencygasolineengineanddieselenginetechnology

Thekeytoenergy-savingautomobilesistheinternalcombustionenginetechnology.Intermsofinternalcombustionengineenergy-savingtechnology,weshoulddiscusstheseaspects.Thefirstisgasolineenginedirectinjectiontechnology,leanandstratifiedcombustiontechnology;thesecondisdieselenginehigh-pressureinjectiontechnology;thethirdisdieselenginemultipleinjectiontechnology;fourthItisvariablevalvetechnology;thefifthisexhaustgasturbochargingtechnology.

1.3Enginetechnologyforhigh-efficiencytrucks

Therearefewtruckvarietiesinmycountry,andthetechnologyisstillverybackward.Thedevelopmentofhigh-efficiencytrucksisanimportantsteptoimprovetransportationefficiencyandreduceautomobileenergyconsumptionunderthesituationofmodernmaterialdesires.Therefore,thestateshouldfocusonsupportingthedevelopmentandindustrializationofsuchhigh-efficiencytrucks.

1.4Dieselizationtechnologyforcarsandlightvehicles

Animportantwaytoachieveenergysavingisdieselization.Ascarsenterfamiliesatarapidrate,weshouldpaygreatattentiontothistechnology.Continuousdevelopmentandqualityassurance.Inthisway,thedevelopmentofenergyisreduced.Realizedenergysavingandemissionreduction.

2Applicationofenergy-savingtechnologyfornewenergyvehicles

2.1Hybridvehicles

Hybridpowergenerallyreferstothepowerformedbythemixtureofgasoline,dieselandelectricenergyintheinstrumentModel.Thiscaneffectivelyimprovemodelswithlowfuelandpoweroutput.Accordingtoitsdifferences,itcanbedividedintogasolinehybridanddieselhybrid.Hisadvantagesare:1)Theuseofhybridpowercanincreasethepoweroutputofthecar'sinternalmachineryandreducefuelconsumption.Whenthepowerofthehigh-powerinternalcombustionengineisinsufficient,itcanbesupplementedbythebattery,andthebatterycanbechargedatthesametime,soitsjourneyisthesameasthatofanordinarycar;2)Becausethebatteryisused,itcanbeeasilyrecycledforrecycling;3)PeopleinthecitycenterWherethereisalargeflow,itiscompletelydrivenbyabatteryalonetoachieve"zero"emissions;4)Youcanrefuelatanexistinggasstationwithouthavingtoinvestinbuildinganewgasstation;5)Userscanextendthelifeofthebatteryandreducethecost.Maintaingoodworkingconditiononthebasis.

Hybridelectricvehicles

2.2Pureelectricvehicles

Pureelectricvehiclesdirectlyuseelectricmotorsastheirdrivers,andalluseelectricpowerasthedrivingforceofthecar.Thedifficultyliesinthestoragetechnologyofelectricity.Traditionalcarsconsumenon-renewableenergysourcessuchaspetroleumandcauseenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalpollution,whileelectricenergycanbeobtainedfromrenewableenergysourcessuchasnuclearenergy,waterpower,andwindpowerwithoutpollution.Electricvehiclescanalsobechargedintheirsparetime,sothatthepowergenerationequipmentcanbefullyuseddayandnight,greatlyimprovingitsdrivingefficiency.Duetotheseadvantages,theapplicationofelectricvehicleshasbecomeaveryconcernfortheautomotiveindustry.Forelectricvehicles,becausetheconstructioncostishighandtheinfrastructurecannotbecompletedbyanindependententerprise,itisnecessaryforvariousenterprisestouniteandworktogetherwithlocalgovernmentdepartmentsbeforelarge-scalepromotionispossible.Thismakesthepriceofelectricvehiclesveryhigh,butcomparedwithhybridvehicles,thetechnologyofelectricvehiclesissimple,matureandeasytooperate,andaslongasthereisenoughelectricitytodrivethecar,itisconvenienttocharge.However,theshortcomingisthatthestoragecapacityofthebatteryusedinelectricvehiclesisinsufficient,andtheamountofelectricitystoredissmall,andthecostofrawmaterialstoconstructthebatteryhasnotformedacertaineconomicscale,sothepurchasepriceishigh.

2.3Fuelcellvehicles

Fuelcellvehiclesuseliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andcompressednaturalgasasfuel,anduseadvancedelectroniccontroltechnologyandhigh-performancepollutionpurificationdevicestoreducePollution.Andtheelectriccurrentgeneratedbythechemicalreactionoforganicmaterialsisusedasthedrivingforceofthecar.

Inrecentyears,fuelcelltechnologyhasmademajorbreakthroughs.Fuelcellvehicleshavezeroemissionsandreducewaterpollutionandgreenhousegasemissionscausedbyengineoilleakage.Theyalsoimprovefueleconomyandenginecombustionefficiency,andrunsmoothlywithoutnoise.

Fuelcellvehicles

2.4Hydrogen-poweredvehicles

Hydrogen-poweredvehiclesaretrulyzero-emissions,andtheyemitpurewaterwithoutanypollution.

However,thecostofhydrogenfuelcellsishigh,andthedevelopmentofhydrogenfuelstorageandtransportationisdifficulttoachieveaccordingtotechnicalconditions,andtheextractionofhydrogenrequireselectrolysisofwater,otherwiseitwillnotbeabletofundamentallyreducecarbondioxideemissions.

Althoughthistechnologyisdifficulttoimplement,withthecontinuousdevelopmentofnewenergytechnology,itwilldefinitelybesolvedandrealized.

3Developmentprospects

Withthecontinuousguidanceofnationalgovernmentdepartmentsandthecontinuoussupportofvariouspolicies,theapplicationofnewenergyvehicleshasgreatdevelopmentprospects.Newenergyvehicleenergy-savingtechnologiesTheapplicationwillbecomemoreandmoreextensive,andusedinpeople'sdailylife,tobringgreatconveniencetopeople'slives.Throughthecontinuousdevelopmentofnewtechnologies,thelowestcostinexchangeforthegreatesteconomicbenefitwillalsoleadnewenergyvehiclestoanewerandbroaderlevel.

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