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Agricultural machinery



Demand

Sincethereformandopeningup,asthecountryhasimprovedthelevelofagriculturalmechanizationandacceleratedtheimplementationofruralinfrastructurepolicies,mycountry’sagriculturalmachineryindustryhasdevelopedsignificantly,andhasformedinternalcombustionenginesandtractors.,Transportationmachinery,harvestingmachinery,animalhusbandrymachinery,trailerinternalaccessoriesandmanyothersmallindustries,andformacompleteindustrialsystem.Therapiddevelopmentofagriculturalmachineryanditsapplicationinruralareashasacceleratedthereformoftheruralagriculturallaborstructureinmycountry,whichhaspromotedtheconstructionofanewcountrysideinmycountryandthedevelopmentoftheruraleconomy.Lookingatthecurrentsituationofthedemandanduseofagriculturalmachineryinruralareas,therearemainlythefollowingcharacteristics:

1)Ruraldemandforagriculturalmachineryhasgreatpotential

Chinahasavastlandandabundantresources,anditisalsoanagricultureBigcountry.China’sagriculturalarablelandis1.5billionmu,buttheuserateofagriculturalmachineryisstillverylowcomparedtodevelopedcountries.Thedemandpotentialofmachineryisstillgreat.WiththeadvancementofChina'sruralindustrialization,thereisstillhugepotentialfordevelopmentintheuseofagriculturalmachineryinruralareasinthefuture.

2)Thedifferencesandlevelsofagriculturalmachinerypurchaseinruralareasareprominent

Duetothevastterritoryandscattereddistributionofruralareas,itisdifficulttobuyagriculturalmachineryinthesamewayastheurbanpopulation.Concentratedpurchaseshaveledtooutstandingdifferencesandlevelsofagriculturalmachinerypurchasesintheruralmarket.First,thelevelofpurchaseofagriculturalmachineryvariesamongruralareas,andthedemandforagriculturalmachineryproductsisalsodifferentinruralplains,hills,grasslands,andmountains.Second,inruralareas,evenifdifferentfarmersinthesameareahavedifferentlevelsofwealth,therearedifferenceswhenbuyingagriculturalmachinery.Third,mycountry’sruralmarketisalsohierarchical.Itisroughlydividedintothree-tieredmarketsintheeastcoast,centralplains,andwesterninland.Thefarmersinthesethree-tieredmarketsalsohavedifferentconsumerpsychologyandconsumptionstructureinagriculturalmachineryconsumption..

3)Thepurchaseofagriculturalmachineryinruralareasisexemplary

Becausethemajorityofruralfarmersstillretainstrongpeasantideas,andthelivingcharacteristicsofneighboringruralareasalsoleadtofarmers’Thereisastrongconformityandcomparisonpsychologybetweenthetwo,andoftenanytroublesofafarmerwillspreadtheinformationtootherfarmers.Therefore,whatgoodagriculturalmachineryafarmerbuyswillusuallysoonbeknownandimitatedbyothers,thusformingagoodexemplaryrole.

4)Purchasingagriculturalmachineryinruralareaspayattentiontofunctionality

Theruralfarmers'consumptionoutlookisrelativelysimple,andtheagriculturalmachineryconsumermarketisstillinthestageoffunctionaldemand,thatis,farmersmainlyemphasizethepracticabilityofproductsAndmaterialbenefits,anddonotpaymuchattentiontotheindividualdisplayandaestheticvalueoftheproduct.Theperformanceoffarmers’functionalconsumptionconcepttothedemandforagriculturalmachineryproductsmainlyincludesthefollowing:First,thepracticalityofagriculturalmachinery,farmerspaymoreattentiontotheproductperformanceofagriculturalmachinery,andcanadapttotheconsumptionlevelandconsumptionenvironmentinruralareas.Idon’tpaymuchattentiontothebeautyofagriculturalmachinery;thesecondisthelowpriceofagriculturalmachinery.Onthepremiseofensuringthepracticalityanddurabilityofagriculturalmachinery,farmersrequirethatthecheapertheagriculturalmachineryis,thebetter.Ifthebasicfunctionsofthetwoagriculturalmachineryarethesame,thefarmersmustbeChoosetheonewithalowerprice;thethirdisthesimplicityofagriculturalmachinery.Farmersaregenerallynotwelleducated.Intheuseofagriculturalmachinery,itisenoughtoemphasizethatagriculturalmachineryhasbasicsimplefunctions,suchascombineharvestersinagriculturalmachineryandfarmers.Mostofthemonlyrequiretheharvestingofwheat,etc.,anddonotpayattentiontotheotherfunctionsofthecombineharvester,andtheeasyoperationandeasyrepairofagriculturalmachinerymaybemorepopularwithfarmers.

Introductiontomachinery

Theoriginofagriculturalmachinerycanbetracedbacktotheeraofprimitivesocietyusingsimpleagriculturaltools.InChina,duringtheYangshaocultureperiodoftheNeolithicAge(about5000to3000BC),therewasaprimitivefarmingtool-LeiLei.Copperplowshareshavebeenusedforcattlefarminginthe13thcenturyBC.BytheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodinthe3rdcenturyBC,therewereaseriesofironandwoodenfarmtoolssuchasarableland,planting,harvesting,processingandirrigation.Around90BC,ZhaoGuoinventedthethree-linedrill,thethree-linedrill,whosebasicstructureisstillusedtoday.Bythe9thcentury,ananimal-poweredplowwithafairlycompletestructurehadbeenformed.Inancientbookssuchas"QiMinYaoShu"(about540),"LeiLeiJing"(about880),WangZhen's"Nongshu"(about1310),"TiangongKaiwu"(1637)andotherancientbooks,theagriculturalproductionofvariousperiodsThevariousmachineryandtoolsusedinitarewelldocumented.IntheWest,theoriginalwoodenploughoriginatedinMesopotamiaandEgypt,andironploughshareswereusedaround1000BC.

The19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcenturywastheeraofthedevelopmentandlarge-scaleuseofnewanimalfarmmachinery.In1831,AmericanC.H.McCormickcreatedasuccessfulhorse-drawnharvester.Thefirsthorse-drawngraincombineappearedin1836.From1850to1855,grainplanters,lawnmowersandcornplantersweremanufacturedandpromotedsuccessively.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,tractorspoweredbyinternalcombustionenginesbegantograduallyreplacelivestock,andwerewidelyusedastractionpowerforvariousfieldoperationsandusedtodrivevariousagriculturalmachineryforfixedoperations.

Inthelate1930s,H.G.FergusonintheUnitedKingdomcreatedasuccessfultractor'sfarmimplementsuspensionsystem,whichmadethetractorandfarmimplementsformawhole,greatlyimprovingtheuseandoperationofthetractor.Thesuspensionsystemoffarmimplementscontrolledbyhydraulicsystemalsomakesthemanipulationandcontroloffarmimplementslighterandmoreflexible.Theagriculturalmachinerymatchedwiththetractorgraduallyshiftsfromthetractiontypetothesuspensiontypeandthesemi-suspensiontype,whichreducestheweightoftheagriculturalmachineryandsimplifiesthestructure.Sincethe1940s,graincombineharvestersinEuropeanandAmericancountrieshavegraduallychangedfromtractiontoself-propelled.Inthe1960s,harvestingmachineryforfruitsandvegetableswasdeveloped.Sincethe1970s,electronictechnologyhasbeengraduallyappliedtothemonitoringandcontroloftheoperationprocessofagriculturalmachinery,andhasgraduallydevelopedinthedirectionofautomationoftheoperationprocess.

Classificationcriteria

Agriculturalmachineryisgenerallyclassifiedbypurpose.Mostofthemachineryisspeciallydesignedandmanufacturedaccordingtothecharacteristicsofagricultureandthespecialrequirementsofvariousoperations,suchassoiltillagemachinery,plantingandfertilizingmachinery,plantprotectionmachinery,cropharvestingmachinery,animalhusbandrymachinery,andagriculturalproductprocessingmachinery.Theotherpartofagriculturalmachineryiscommonlyusedinotherindustriesandcanbedirectlyselectedaccordingtothecharacteristicsandneedsofagriculture,suchasagriculturalpowermachinery,waterpumpsinfarmlandirrigationanddrainagemachinery,etc.;orthesemachinerycanbedesignedasagriculturalvariantsaccordingtothecharacteristicsandneedsofagriculture,suchasagricultureAgriculturalvehiclesandtrailersintransportationmachineryandsoilandstonemachineryinfarmlandconstructionmachinery.

Agriculturalmachinerycanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothepowerusedanditssupportingmethods.Thepowerofagriculturalmachineryapplicationcanbedividedintotwoparts:onepartisusedforwalkingormovingofagriculturalmachinery,accordingtowhichitcanbedividedintomanpower(hand-held,backpack,chesthangingandpush-pull),animaltraction,tractortractionandpowerself-propelledtype.;Theotherpartisusedtodrivetheworkingpartsofagriculturalmachinery,whichcanbedividedintomanpower(handcrank,footpedal,etc.)drive,animalpowerdrive,electromechanicalpowerdrive(usinginternalcombustionengine,windturbine,electricmotor,etc.)andtractordrive.Onthesameagriculturalmachine,thetwopartscanusethesameordifferentpower.Accordingtothematchingmethodofagriculturalmachineryandtractor,itcanbedividedintotraction,suspensionandsemi-suspension.

Accordingtotheoperationmode,agriculturalmachinerycanbedividedintotwocategories:walkingoperationandfixedoperation.Amongtheagriculturalmachineryforwalkingoperation,therearetwotypesofcontinuouswalkingtypeinwhichtheoperationisincontinuoustravelandintermittentwalkingtypeinwhichthetravelandoperationarealternatelyperformed.Inthefixedoperationofagriculturalmachinery,therearetwotypesofmovabletype,whichcanbetransferredtotheworkingplaceinnon-operationstate,andnon-movabletype,wheretheworkingplaceisalwaysfixed.

Accordingtotheoperatinglocation,agriculturalmachineryisdividedintofieldoperations(fields,pasturesandorchards,etc.),yardoperations,indooroperations(plants,computerrooms,warehouses,greenhousesandlivestockhouses,etc.),waterorwaterTypesofoperations(rivers,channels,reservoirsandwells,etc.),roadoperations,andaviationoperations.

Powermachinery

Machinerythatprovidespowerforvariousagriculturalmachineryandagriculturalfacilities.Agriculturalpowermachinerymainlyincludesinternalcombustionenginesandtractorsequippedwithinternalcombustionengines,aswellaselectricmotors,windturbines,waterturbines,andvarioussmallgeneratorsets.Dieselengineshavetheadvantagesofhighthermalefficiency,goodfueleconomy,reliableoperationandgoodfiresafety,etc.,andarethemostwidelyusedinagriculturalinternalcombustionenginesandtractors.Gasolineenginesarecharacterizedbylightweight,goodlow-temperaturestartingperformanceandsmoothoperation.Theyaremostlyusedinsmallagriculturalmachinery,suchasricetransplanters,portableplantprotectionmachineryandteapickers.Accordingtotheregionalfuelsupplysituation,gasgeneratorsusingnaturalgas,petroleum-associatedgas,liquefiedpetroleumgasandproducergasasfuelcanalsobeusedinaccordancewithlocalconditions.Dieselandgasolineenginescanalsobemodifiedtousegasfuelssuchascoalgas,ortheycanbeconvertedtodual-fuelinternalcombustionenginesthatusecoalgasandareignitedbydieselasagriculturalpowermachinery.

Motorsaremostlyusedtodrivevariousagriculturalmachineryforfixedorindooroperations,suchasagriculturalproductprocessingmachineryandwaterpumps,aswellasvariousoperatingmachineryingreenhouses,warehouses,andlivestockhouses.Inareaswithwaterorwindresources,theuseofwindturbinesandwaterturbinestodrivevariousfixedoperatingmachinerycansavepetroleumfuel,andwindturbinesequippedwithwaterliftingdevicescanprovidewaterforhumansandlivestockingrasslandpastoralareas.Asmallgeneratorsetconsistingofaninternalcombustionengine,windturbineorwaterturbineandageneratorisusedtoprovideelectricityforagriculturalproductionandrurallifeinremoteareas.Solarenergyandbiogasgeneratedfromruralwastematerialscanalsobeusedtoprovideelectricitythroughsolarpowergenerationdevices,biogasgeneratorsets,andbiogas-dieseldual-fuelgeneratorsets.

Constructionmachinery

Farmlandconstructionmachineryisusedtoleveltheland,buildterracesandterraces,excavateditches,laypipelines,andexcavatewaterwellsandotherconstructionmachineryforfarmlandconstruction.Amongthem,earthandstonemachinerysuchasbulldozers,graders,scrapers,excavators(seeexcavators),loaders(seesinglebucketloaders),androckdrillsarebasicallythesameassimilarmachineryusedinroadsandconstructionprojects,buttheyarelargeMost(exceptrockdrills)areusedinconjunctionwithagriculturaltractors,whichareeasytohookuptoimprovetheutilizationrateofpower.Otherfarmlandconstructionmachinerymainlyincludestrencher,ratpathplough,shovelingandthrowingmachine,waterwelldrillingrig,etc.

Part-typetrencher

Itsworkingpartisatrenchingploughbodywithaploughshare-typesoil-cuttingpart,whichispulledbyatractorforonestrokeDitchingoperationscanbecompleted,withhighproductivity,butwithlargetractionresistance,itmustbematchedwithahigh-powertractor,whichissuitableforexcavationoperationsofsmallerditches.

Rotarytrencher

Usearotatingmillingandthrowingdisctomillandthrowthesoil.Itcanbeusedinconjunctionwithamedium-powertractor.Thetripcompletesthetrenchingoperation.Itsoperatingspeedislow,generally50-400m/h,sothesupportingtractorneedstobeequippedwithoradditionalultra-lowgear,andtheenergyconsumptionoftheunitearthworkisgreaterthanthatoftheditchtrencher.Itissuitablefortheexcavationoflargeditches.

Mouseplow

Theworkingpartisacylindricalconeshapedlikeacannonball,withacolumnandatractiondevice,andisdrivenbyatractorinthefarmland.Digdrainageculverts.

Ditchingandburyingmachine

Itcancompleteditching,burying,soilcoveringandcompactioninonetrip.

Shovelingandthrowingmachine

Thesoilisshoveledupbythediggingshovelandsenttothethrowingpart.RotatingdiscwiththrowingboardorupwardsTheinclinedring-shapedbelt-typesoilthrowingcomponentthrowsthesoillaterallytooneside,andthethrowingdistancecanreach15to18meters,whichcanbeusedforearthworksuchasbuildingterracesandexcavatingditches.

Waterwelldrillingrigs

Therearethreecategories:rotary,percussionandcomposite.Therotarytypeiswidelyused,anditconsistsoftwoparts:adrillingdeviceandacirculatingwellwashingdevice.Thedrillingdeviceincludesaturntable,adrillrod,adrillbitandadrivingdevice.Differentdrillbitscanbeselectedaccordingtodifferentrockformations.Thecirculatingwellflushingdeviceisusedtodischargethedrilledcuttingsoutofthewellwhiledrilling,anddifferenttypescanbeselectedaccordingtotheneeds.Thepercussiondrillingrigisusedtomakethedrillbitthatreciprocateupanddowntoimpactandbreaktherockformation.Itcanbeusedfordrillingoperationsinharderrockformationsandpebbleformations,butcuttingsremovalanddrillingcannotbecarriedoutatthesametime,sotheworkefficiencyislow.Generallyusedwithin250metersExcavationofAsai.Thecompounddrillingrigisequippedwithanimpactmechanismontherotarydrillingrig.Itismainlyusedforrotarydrilling.Whenitencountersapebblelayer,itispassedthroughbytheimpactdrilling,soithasstrongadaptability.

Shovelingandthrowingmachine

Farmlandconstructionmachinerythatcancontinuouslyshovelandthrowsoilhorizontally.Usedforconstructionofterraces,excavationofditchesandotheroperations.Accordingtothetypeofitsearth-throwingworkingparts,therearetwotypes:disctypeandbelttype.

Thedisc-typeshovelandpolisherhastwotypes,front-mountedandrear-mounted,accordingtoitspositiononthetractor.Thefront-mountedshovelingandthrowingmachinecancleartheroadbyitself,andhasastrongadaptabilitytocomplexterrain.However,thestructureismorecomplex,andthethrownsoilflowaffectsthedriver'svisionandworsenstheworkingconditions.Itismostlyusedfortheconstructionofsteepslopeterracesandtheopeningofmountaintunnels.Therear-mountedshovelingandpolishingmachinehasasimplestructureandgoodworkingconditions,butithaspooradaptabilitytosteepslopesandcannotopentheroadbyitself.Itismostlyusedtobuildgentleslopeterraces.Itisgenerallycomposedofaframe,asoilshovel,anarc-shapedsoilcollectingplate,asoilthrowingdiscandatransmissiondevice.Duringoperation,theshovelbladeandthegroundformasoilcuttinganglelineof15°~35°,andtheearthisshoveledandsenttothearc-shapedcollectingplateundertheearththrowingdisc.Theearththrowingdiscisdriventorotatebythetractorpoweroutputshaftviatheuniversalshaftandthegearbox.Undertheactionofthethrowingbladesonthediscandthecentrifugalforceofthediscrotation,theearthonthecollectingplateisthrowninthetangentialdirection..Thebladeendlinearvelocityis8-14m/s,andthethrowingdistanceis5-15m.Therotationdirectionofthethrowingdisccanbechangedsothatthebackandforthstrokesarethrowninthesamedirection.Thiskindofmachinehasacompactstructureandlowcost,buttheimpactloadisrelativelylargewhenthrowingsoil.Thepowerconsumptionperunitofearthworkforshovelingandthrowingis0.1~0.2kWh/m.

Thebeltshovelandthrowerishungontherearofthetractorandconsistsofashovel,averticalliftingchain,ahorizontalthrowingbelt,aframe,andatransmissiondevice.Thedrivingwheelsoftheliftchainandthesoildumpingtapearedrivenbythetractorpoweroutputshaft.Duringoperation,thesoilshoveledupbytheshovelissenttotherearlateralsoildumpingbeltviatheinclinedupwardchainplatetypelongitudinalliftingchain.Thesoildumpingbelttransportsthesoillaterallyatanadjustablelinearspeedof7-15m/s.Andthrowitatathrowangleof50°ononeside.Themaximumthrowingdistanceis10to18meters.Thiskindofmachinehasstrongadaptabilitytovarioussoils,theimpactloadofthethrowingpartsissmall,thethrowingsoilisconcentrated,andthecomprehensiveutilizationperformanceisgood;afterpartialmodification,itcanalsobeusedasapotatoharvesterandafieldraisingmachine.

Tillagemachinery

Basicsoiltillagemachineryisusedforplowing,looseningorsubloosing,andcrushingthesoil,includingbirchplows,discplows,chiselPlowsandrotarytillers.

Combplough

Themostcommonlyusedmachinetoolforsoilcultivation.Itsmainworkingpartisaploughbodycomposedofploughsharesandploughwalls.Theworkingsurfaceoftheploughshareandploughwallisacontinuousandsmoothploughbodysurface.Itsshapeandparametersareselectedaccordingtodifferentsoilandtillagerequirements,andarerelatedtothetravelingspeedoftheunit.Differentploughsurfaceshavedifferentfunctionssuchasturningsoil,looseningsoil,crushingsoilandcoveringweedstubble.Theamplitudemodulationplowthatappearedintheearly1980swasamajorbreakthroughinthetraditionalstructureofthesplitplow.Theamplitudemodulationdegreeoftheamplitudemodulationplowischangedbychangingtheanglebetweenthemainbeamandthemachineforwarddirectiontoadapttothedifferentresistancesofplowingundervarioussoilconditions.Thetwo-wayplowisaspecialformofthesplitplow,withtwosetsofleftandrightplowbodies(ordinarysplitplowsusetherightplowbody),orasetofplowbodiesthatcanbechangedinthedirectionoftheplow.Maketheplowturnthesoiltothesamesideduringthebackandforthstrokeofplowing,andleavenoridgesonthegroundafterplowing.Thiskindofplowisoftenusedforploughingoperationsonslopes,irrigatedfields,smallplotsandirregularlyshapedplots.

Discplough

Theworkingpartofthediscploughisaconcavediscwithaninclinationangleofabout20°totheverticalandanangleof40°~50°totheforwarddirection..Duringoperation,thediscrotatesandadvancesundertheactionofthesoilreactionforce,andthesoilcutbytheedgeofthediscrisesalongtheconcavesurfaceandflipsdown.Thediscplowcanchopupdryandhardsoilblocksandcutoffgrassrootsandsmalltreeroots.Itissuitableforplowingoperationsinrocky,grassy,​​moistandheavysoilsandhigh-yieldgreenmanurefieldsafterreturningthestrawtothefield.However,undergeneralsoilconditions,itsplowing,crushingandmulchingperformanceisnotasgoodasthatofasplitplow.

Chiselplough

Itsworkingpartis1to3rowsofchisel-shapedsoillooseningshovelwithrigidshovelcolumns,whichcanloosenthesoilwithoutturningoverthesoillayerwhenploughingtheground.AfterploughingthegroundRemainingstubbletocovercanreducesoilerosionandissuitableforbasicsoilcultivationinareaswitharid,rockyandseveresoilerosion.Thetillagedepthisgenerally30cm,andthemaximumtillagedepthcanreach45to75cmwhenusedforsoilimprovementindryland.

Rotarytiller

Theworkingpartoftherotarytillerisasetofcuttingbladesuniformlyarrangedonahorizontalaxisaccordingtothemulti-threadedthread,whichisdrivenbythetractor'spoweroutputshaft.Drivenbythedevice,itrotatestocutandcrushthesoil,andtheseedbedpreparationrequirementscanbemetinoneoperation.Itismainlyusedforthecultivationofpaddyfields,vegetablefieldsandorchards.Topsoilfarmingmachinery"Topsoilfarmingmachineryincludesdischarrows,nail-toothharrows,rollers,fieldcultivators,etc.

Discharrow

Itismadeupofconcavediscsarrangedingroups.Thecuttingedgeplaneofthediscisperpendiculartotheground,andisatanoffangletotheforwarddirection(workingstate).Itisusedforthelevelingofbrokensoilafterplowing,shallowploughingandstubbleafterharvest,andsoillooseningandweedinginorchards.

Spike-toothharrow

Theworkingpartisanumberofrowsofspikesthatareequidistantlyarrangedontherakeframe,whichcanbeusedtoloosenthesoilafterthecultivatedlandandbreakthesurfaceaftertherain.Weedingoperationssuchashardshellandcropseedlingstage.

Paddyfieldharrow

Itiscomposedofworkingpartssuchasdischarrowgroup,notcheddischarrowgroup,starharrowgroupandrolling.Crushingsoilandlevelingoperations.Accordingtodifferentregionsandsoilconditions,theseworkingpartscanbecombinedintodifferentformsofpaddyfieldharrows.

Suppressor

Usedforsurfacesoilcrushingandcompactionoperationsafterrakingorseeding.Theworkingpartisasuppressionwheel.Thecrushingwheelhasacylindricalshape,aringshapeoraVshape,etc.,whichisloopedontheaxleduringoperation.

Fieldcultivator

Itisusedforsoilloosening,weeding,ditchingandsoilcultivationduringcropgrowth.Commonlyusedworkingpartsareweedingshovel,soillooseningshovel,generalshovelandEarthenwareandsoon.Afertilizerapplicationdeviceisinstalledonthefieldcultivatortoapplyfertilizerwhilecultivatingandweeding.Thepaddyfieldcultivatingcanbeamanualpush-toothrollerpaddyfieldcultivator,orapower-drivenweedingwheelpaddyfieldcultivator.

Combinedmachinery

Combinedfarmingmachinerycancompletebasicsoiltillageandtopsoiltillage---arablelandandharrowinglandatonetime.Itsformcanbeacombinationoftwodifferentmachines,suchasasplitplow-nail-toothharrow,asplitplow-rotarytiller,etc.;itcanalsobeacombinationoftwodifferentworkingparts,consistingofasplitplowbodyandaverticalshaftrotarycultivator.Ploughingplows,etc.composedoftillagecomponents.

Orchardmachinery

Plowsandfieldcultivatorsareoftenequippedwithdevicesthatcanautomaticallyavoidthetrunkandresettheirworkingparts.Inadditiontoasmallareaof​​soilaroundthetrunk,thesoilbetweentherowsandbetweenthefruittreescanbecultivatedatthesametime.

Plantingmachinery

Plantingmachinerycanbedividedintothreecategories:planters,plantersandseedlingplantersaccordingtotheplantingobjectsandprocess.

Planter

Theobjectplantedbytheplanteriscropseedsorcoatedseedsmadeintopellets.Itcanbedividedintothreetypesaccordingtotheseedingmethod:spreader,drillandholeseeder.Varioustypesofprecisionplantersdevelopedinthe1950scanpreciselycontroltheamountofseeding,thedistancebetweenholes(plants)andthedepthofseeding.Thepneumaticseedingprecisionplanterdevelopedinthe1970s,itsseedmeteringdevice(airsuction,airpressureorairblowing)usespositiveornegativeairflowtodischargearowofseedsatacertainintervaltoachievesingleprecisionholeseeding,andComparedwiththetraditionalmechanicalseedmeteringdevice,ithasthecharacteristicsofaccuratesowingrateandnodamagetotheseeds.Thereisalsoamechanicalprecisionseedmeteringdevice.Itisasuspended6-rowcultivatingcropplanterwithfertilizingdevice,whichcanbeusedfordrillandholeseedingofcultivatingcropssuchassoybeans,cornandsorghum.

Plantingmachine

Theobjectsplantedbytheplantingmachinearetheseedpiecesofcropssuchaspotatoes,sweetpotatoesandonions,andtheseedsegmentsofsugarcane.Duetothelargedifferencesinthetraitsandplantingrequirementsofdifferentcrops,seedblocksandsegments,mostplantersarededicatedplanters.Commonlyusedarepotatoplantersandsugarcaneplanters.

Seedlingmachine

Theplantingobjectsofseedlingtransplanterarerice,cotton,tobacco,vegetables,fruittrees,flowersandothercrops,andseedlingswithnutrientbowlsorsoil.Plantingmachinesaredividedintothreetypes:semi-mechanized,mechanizedandautomated.Semi-mechanizedseedlingtransplanterisamachinethatcompletestheprocessesoftrenching,soilcoveringandsuppression,whileseedlingpickingandseedlingplantingarecompletedbytheseedlingplantersittingonthemachine.Theplantingactionofthemechanizedseedlingplantingmachineisalsocompletedbythemachine,buttheseedlingsarestilltakenbytheplantinghandandplacedintheseedlingplantingmechanism.Theautomaticseedlingtransplanteronlymanuallyinstallstheseedlingsintrays(usuallyseedlingswithnutrientbowls)ontheseedlingtrayrackofthemachine,andthemachineautomaticallycompletesalltheplantingprocesseswhileitismoving.

Fertilizingmachineryisusedtoapplyvariouschemicalfertilizers(granularfertilizer,liquidfertilizer),stablemanure,manureandcompostinthefield.Itismainlyusedtoapplybasalfertilizerbeforearableland,whileplantingfertilizerandtopdressingaregenerallyseparatedbyattachedfertilizers.Thefertilizationdeviceinstalledontheplanterandfieldcultivatorapplies.Commonlyusedfertilizationmachineryincludemanurespreaders,fertilizerspreaders,liquidfertilizersprayers,fertilizerspreadersandammoniastripspreaders.

Protectionmachinery

Plantprotectionmachineryisamachineryusedtoprotectcropsandagriculturalproductsfromdiseases,insects,birds,animalsandweeds,usuallyreferstotheuseofchemicalmethodstocontrolplantsAllkindsofmachineryforsprayingpesticidesfordiseasesandinsectpestsalsoincludemachineryandequipmentusedforweedingbychemicalorphysicalmethods,controllingdiseasesandinsectpestsbyphysicalmethods,anddrivingawaybirdsandbeasts.Plantprotectionmachinerymainlyincludesspraying,dustingandsmokingmachines.

Sprayingequipment

Itisusedtospraytheaqueoussolutionofliquidorpowderedmedicamentonthepreventionandcontroltargetintheformofdroplets,mainlydividedinto3types:sprayer,mistsprayerandultra-lowvolumesprayer.Commonlyusedaremanualsprayers,stretcher-typemotorizedsprayers,knapsack-typemotorizedmistsprayers,boomsprayersmatchedwithtractors,orchardairblowermistsprayers,andhand-heldmotorultra-low-volumesprayers.Thesprayerorsprayerusesaliquidpumporanairpumptopressurizetheliquidmedicine,andatomizetheliquidmedicineintomistdropletswithadiameterof150-400micronsthroughasprayrod,nozzleorspraygun.Themistdispersingmachineusesthehigh-speedairflowgeneratedbythefantofurthercrushtheliquidmedicinepressurizedbytheliquidpumpintomist-likedropletswithadiameterof50-150micronstoobtainbetteradhesionperformanceandsprayuniformity..Theultra-low-volumesprayeruseshigh-concentrationchemicalliquidwithnowateroronlyasmallamountofwater.Underthecentrifugalforceofthehigh-speedrotating(8000-10000rpm)atomizingdisk,thechemicalliquidisfinelycrushedintofineparticleswithadiameterof70-90microns.Thedropletsdriftwiththewindandevenlysettleonthepreventionandcontroltarget,whichhasthecharacteristicsoflowdosageofmedicamentandgoodpreventionandcontroleffect.Theatomizationdisccanbedrivenbyzinc-airbatteryordrybattery(handheldelectrictype),andwheninstalledonanagriculturalaircraft,itcanbedrivenbyaspecialwindwheelrotatingathighspeedduringflight.Onordinarypowersprayers,thespraynozzlecanalsobereplacedwithanultra-low-volumespraynozzlewithanatomizingdiskforultra-low-volumespray.

Powdersprayingmachine

Usefanairflowtoblowthepowderedmedicamenttothepreventionandcontroltargetthroughthenozzleandpowdersprayinghead.Commonlyusedaremanualbackpackandchest-mountedpowdersprayers.,Stretcher-typepowersprayerandtractor-mountedpowdersprayer,etc.

Smokesprayer

Usingthehigh-temperatureairflowgeneratedduringthecombustionofliquidfuelsortheexhaustgasfrominternalcombustionenginestovolatilizeandthermallycrackoilpesticidesintoparticleswithadiameteroflessthan50microns.Theairjetsformsmokesuspendedintheairandsettledonthepreventionandcontroltarget,whichissuitableforthepreventionandcontrolofpestsinorchards,warehousesandgreenhouses.

Powdersprayer

Installelectrostaticspraynozzlesonsprayersorpowdersprayers,andusehundredstothousandsofvoltshigh-voltagedirectcurrentpowersupplytothespraynozzlestomaketheliquidorpowderparticlesCharged,andthecontroltargetisinducedbystaticelectricitytoinducechargesofoppositepolarity,sothattheliquidmedicineorpowderparticlesrushtowardthecontroltargetundertheactionoftheelectrostaticfield.Theuseofstaticelectricitycansignificantlyincreasethehitrate,reducechemicallossandenvironmentalpollution,andspraythechemicalonthebackofthetargettoenhancethecontroleffect.

Multi-purposeplantprotectionmachinery

Itcanbesprayed,powdered,misted,ultra-low-volumesprayandpowdersprayedwithdifferentpartsonthesamemachineMachineryforvariousoperations.

DrainageandIrrigationMachinery

FarmlandDrainageandIrrigationMachineryisusedforirrigationanddrainageoffarmland,orchardsandpastures,includingwaterpumps,waterturbinepumps,sprinklerirrigationequipmentanddripirrigationequipment.

Waterpump

Drivenbyelectricmotors,internalcombustionenginesorwindturbines,therearecentrifugalpumps,axialflowpumps,mixedflowpumps,pistonpumps,diaphragmpumps,deepwellpumpsandsubmersibleelectricpumps.Kindoftype.Multi-stagecentrifugalpumpsareoftenusedforhigh-liftpumpingirrigationinhillyandmountainousareas.Large-scaledrainageandirrigationinplainareasmostlyuselarge-scaleaxialflowpumpswithlargeflowandsmalllift.Large-scalemixed-flowpumpsshouldbeusedforlarge-areairrigationwithlargerheads.Longshaftdeepwellpumpsanddeepwellsubmersibleelectricpumpsareusedtoliftwaterfromdeepwells.Pistonpumpsanddiaphragmpumps(seereciprocatingpumps)haverelativelysmallflowrates,andaregenerallystillusedtoprovidewaterforlivestockandpoultryinagriculture.

Sprinklerirrigationequipment

Thesprinklerirrigationequipmentusesapumptopressurizethewater(orusethedropofthehigh-levelwatersource)tosprayitintotheairthroughthepipesandnozzles,anddispersethemintouniformfinedroplets,formingrainSettledonthegroundandcrops.Comparedwithirrigationthroughditchesandgroundpipes,theuseofsprinklerirrigationequipmentcanmakeirrigationwatereven,lesswaterloss,andeasytoachieveautomationofirrigationmanagement.Thiskindofequipmentisespeciallysuitableforgentleslopes,undulatingterrainandareaswithfewwatersources.Therearemanytypesofsprinklerirrigationequipment,amongwhichthecircularsprinklerirrigationmachineorthecentralpivotsprinklerirrigationequipmenthasahigherdegreeofautomation.Thebranchpipesaremountedonarowofbracketswithwalkingwheels,andeachbracketisdrivenbyamotororotherpower.Itmovesinacircularmotionaroundthecentralpivotatoneendofthebranchpipe,andthepressurewaterissprayedfromthecenteralongthebranchpipethrougheachnozzle.Somebranchpipesaremorethan500metersinlength,andcancontrolanirrigationareaof​​morethan1,500mu.Thetimeforbranchpipestoturnaweekrangesfromseveralhourstoseveraldays,whichcanbeautomaticallycontrolledaccordingtothewaterdemandinthefield.Themovementofthebranchpipeissimilartothehourhandofaclock,soitisalsocalledhourhandsprinklerirrigationequipment.Inordertosolvetheproblemofwaterirrigationintheblankareasatthefourcornersofthesquareplot,someroundsprinklersareequippedwithacornersprinklerdevicetoautomaticallystartthewaterspraywhenitrunstothecorneroftheground.

Dripirrigationequipment

Thisequipmentenableslow-pressurewatertopassthroughundergroundorgroundpipelines,anddripcontinuouslyandasmallamountofwaterfromthedripperinstalledonthepipelinetothewater-requiringpartsofthecrop.Waterconsumptionissmallerthansprinklerirrigationequipment,anditisoftenusedforirrigationinorchards,nurseriesandgreenhouses.

Harvestingmachinery

Cropharvestingmachineryincludesvariousmachineryusedtocollectvariouscropsoragriculturalproducts.Differentcropshavedifferentharvestingmethodsanddifferentmachinery.

GrainCombineHarvester

Itiscomposedofaharvestingtable,aconveyingdevice,athreshingdevice,aseparatingdevice,acleaningdevice,agraintankandatransmissiondevice.Accordingtothefeedingmethodofthecrop,therearetwotypes:fullfeedingandhalffeeding.EuropeanandAmericancountriesallusefull-feedgraincombineharvesters,whicharemainlyusedtoharvestwheatandotherwheatcrops,andcanalsobeusedtoharvestcorn,beans,rice,sunflowers,etc.afterpartialmodificationandadjustment.Duringoperation,thereciprocatingcutteratthefrontendoftheharvestingtable,withthecooperationofthereel,cutsdownthestrawwithearsontheharvestingtable,andsendsittothethreshingdevicethroughtheharvestingtableconveyingdeviceandtheintermediateconveyingdevice,andthenpassesthroughthethreshingdrumandThegapbetweentheconcaveplatesisthreshedbyrubbingandstriking.Mostofthegrainspassthroughthesieveholesoftheconcaveplateandenterthecleaningdevice.Asmallamountofgrainsentrainedontheconcaveplatearethrowntotheseparationdevice.Thegrainsareseparatedundertheupanddownandbackandforthshakingofthechainseparator.Aftergoingoutintothecleaningdevice,largedebrissuchasstemsanddraftsaretransportedbackwardsandthrownoutofthemachine.Thegrainsenteringthecleaningdeviceareremovedfromthefineimpuritiesbyfansandsieves,andthecleangrainsaresenttothegrainbin.Afterthegrainboxisfull,startthegrainunloadingconveyortounloadthegrainsintothegraintruck.Inthemiddleandlate1970s,varioustypesofaxialdrumfull-feedgraincombineharvestersappearedinNorthAmerica,whichcombinedthethreshingdeviceandtheseparationdeviceintoone,therebyeliminatingthehugechainseparationdeviceandshorteningthelengthofthewholemachine.InsouthernChinaandJapan,asemi-feedinggraincombineharvesterthatmainlyharvestsricehasbeendeveloped.Duringoperation,onlytheearheadpartofthecutricestrawentersthethreshingdeviceduringtheclampingandconveyingprocess,andthestrawafterthreshingisrelativelycomplete,whichisconvenientforcomprehensiveutilization.Theamountofbrokenstrawmixedinthegrainissmall,andaseparateseparationdeviceisgenerallynotrequired.Therefore,comparedwiththefull-feedtype,thestructureissimpleandthepowerconsumptionissmall.

Cottonpicker

Itusesarotatingtoothpickingspindletograbtheseedfiberintheopencottonbollandfeeditintothecottonbyairflow.box.Therearetwomaintypesofcottonpickers:horizontalspindlepickingmachinesareusedintheUnitedStates,whichhaveahighpickingrate,butthestructureiscomplex,themanufacturingaccuracyrequirementsandthecostarehigh;intheSovietUnion,mostoftheverticalspindlepickingmachinesareused.Thestructureissimplerandthecostislower,butthepickingrateislower,therearemorecottonontheground,andthedamagetothecottonplantisgreater.Machine-pickedseedcottonhasahighimpuritycontent,anditsqualitylevelissignificantlylowerthanthatofhand-pickedseedcotton.Machine-pickedseedcottonneedstobeequippedwithacompletesetofcottoncleaningequipment,andthepickedcottoncanbeusedastextilerawmaterialafterrepeatedcleaningbeforeandafterginning.

Processingmachinery

Agriculturalproductprocessingmachineryincludesthepreliminaryprocessingofharvestedagriculturalproductsorcollectedpoultryandlivestockproducts,aswellassomemachineryandequipmentthatuseagriculturalproductsasrawmaterialsforadvancedprocessing.Theprocessedproductsareeasytostore,transportandsellfordirectconsumptionorasindustrialrawmaterials.Differentagriculturalproductshavedifferentprocessingrequirementsandprocessingcharacteristics,andthesameagriculturalproductcangetdifferentfinishedproductsthroughdifferentprocessingprocesses.Therefore,therearemanyvarietiesofagriculturalproductsprocessingmachinery.Themostusedaregraindryingequipment,grainprocessingmachinery,oilprocessingmachinery,cottonprocessingmachinery,hemppeelingmachinery,teaprimaryandrefiningmachinery,fruitprocessingmachinery,anddairyprocessingmachinery.,Seedprocessingequipmentandstarch-makingequipment,etc.Inordertorealizethecontinuousoperationandoperationautomationbetweenthevariousprocedures,multipleprocessingmachinesinthefrontandrearproceduresareoftencombinedintoaprocessingunit,aprocessingroomoracomprehensiveprocessingplant.

Grainprocessing

Accordingtotheprocessflow,itisdividedintotwocategories:thefirsttypeisusedtodehullandpeelrawgrainssuchasrice,sorghum,milletandmillet,andmillthemintofinishedrice.Forexample,therawricegrainisfirstremovedbyvariousimpuritycleaningequipment,andthenentersthehullingmachineandseparatesthericehusks.Thedischargedgrainbrownmixtureentersthegrainbrownseparatingsieve.Theseparatingscreenusesthedifferenceinparticlesize,densityandsurfacecharacteristicsofriceandbrownricetoseparatetheunhuskedriceandsenditbacktothehullingmachine.Thebrownriceismilledintowhitericeinaricemill,andthenthebranandbrokenriceareremovedthroughthefinishedproductgradingsievetoobtainthefinishedwhiterice.Theotherisusedtoremovethecortexandgermofrawgrainssuchaswheat,corn,barley,buckwheatandnakedoats,andgrindthemintofinishedflour.Forexample,rawwheatgrainsareremovedbyvariousimpuritycleaningequipmenttoremovevariousimpurities,soilanddustadheringtothesurfaceofthewheatgrains,andthenenterthemilltogrindintopowder,andthenpassthroughasetofflatscreenstoextractthefinishedflour.Theintermediatematerialentersanothermilltogrind,sothattheflourisrepeatedlyextracted,andfinallythebranisdischargedbythebranbrushingmachine.

Oilprocessing

Theoilproductionprocessismainlydividedintopressingmethodandleachingmethod.Differentoil-makingprocessesusedifferentmechanicalequipment,buttheoil-makingrawmaterialsarefirstcleanedbyoilcleaningmachinerytoremoveimpurities,andvarioustypesofoilshellingmachinesareusedtopeelofftheshellandseparatetheshellsandkernels,andthenpresstheembryosintoembryos.material.Whenusingtheleachingmethod,theembryoisimmersedinasolvent(hexaneorlightgasoline)toextracttheoil,andtheoilisseparatedfromthesolventthroughequipmentsuchasfiltration,evaporationandsteamstripping.Thesolventcanbeusedrepeatedlyafterrecovery;whenusingthesqueezingmethod,Aftertheembryosarefriedinasteamingandfryingpan,theyaresenttoascrewoilpressorahydraulicoilpresstosqueezeouttheoil.Theleachedorsqueezedcrudeoilisthenfilteredbyvariousrefiningequipment,hydration,alkalirefining,acidrefining,decolorizationanddeodorization,etc.,toberefinedintoessentialoilorfinishedoil.

AnimalHusbandryMachinery

Animalhusbandrymachineryisavarietyofmachineryandequipmentusedintheproductionprocessofgrazing,poultrybreedingandlivestockbreeding.

Grasslandmaintenanceandimprovementmachinery

Includingbaitspreadersusedtokillgrasslandrodents,andsoillooseningplantersusedtoimprovegrasslandtoincreaseforageyieldAndgrasslandsprinklerirrigationequipment,etc.

Pasturemanagementequipment

Includingelectricanimalhusbandryfenceanditserectionmachinery,mobileepidemicpreventionvehicleandmedicineshowerequipment,etc.①Electricgrazingfence:thehigh-voltagepulsecurrentgeneratedbytheelectricpulsegeneratorispassedintotheelectricfence,sothatthelivestockwillreceiveanon-lethalelectricshockwhentheytouchtheelectricfence,sothattheycanmoveintheelectricfenceenclosedbytheelectricfence.Feed.Theinstallationofsolarorwindpowergeneratorscanprovideconvenientandcheappowersupplyfortheelectricanimalhusbandryfence.②Mobileepidemicpreventionvehicle:Aspecialvehiclewithgoodoff-roadperformance.Thevehicleisequippedwithepidemicpreventionandveterinarytesting,disinfection,treatmentequipmentandinternalcombustiongeneratorsets.Itcancarryseveralepidemicpreventionorveterinarypersonneltotheepidemicareaintime.③Medicinalshowerequipment:mainlyusedtopreventandcurescabiesandsurfaceparasitesingrazingsheep.

Forageandgreenfodderharvestingmachinery

Themachinerythatcollectsforageinthefieldandformsloosegrass,bales,haystacksandgrassblocks,etc.,mainlyincludingcuttingGrassormowermodulators,hayrake,pickingandbaler,haycollectingandstackingmachinery,foragehandlingmachineryandgreenfodderharvester,etc.Therearetwotypesoflawnmowers,reciprocatingandrotary.Comparedwiththetraditionalreciprocatingtype,therotarylawnmowerdevelopedinthe1970shastheadvantagesofhighcuttingandforwardspeed,stablework,andstrongadaptabilitytopasture.Itissuitableforhigh-yieldpastures,butthecuttingisnotneatenoughandmoreheavycutting,Theenergyconsumptionislarge.Addingapressingrollertothemowerbecomesamowermodulator,whichcansqueezethecutfreshforagestalkstospeedupthedryingprocess.Therearetwotypesofhayrake,horizontalandlateral,whichareusedforrakingtheforagegrassthathasbeencutdownandspreadonthegroundintodifferentformsofgrassstrips.Thepick-upbalerisusedtopickupstripsofhayfromthegroundandcompressthemintocompactbaleswithrectangularorcircularcross-sectionsforeasytransportationandstorage.Therearetwotypesofgreenfodderharvesters,theflailtypeandtheuniversaltype.Theformerusesahigh-speedrotatingshreddertochopoff,shred,andthrowthegreenforagecropsintoatrailer,whichismainlyusedtoharvestlow-risegreenforagecrops.Thelatterisequippedwiththreekindsofattachments:full-widthcuttingheader,oppositerowheaderandpickingdevice,soitcanharvestallkindsofgreenforagecrops.

Feedprocessingmachinery

Mainlyinclude:feedgrinders,weedersandgreenfeedshreddersforprocessingvariouscoarseandconcentratedfeeds;compoundingandmixingFeedmixersforfeed;feedpelletizersformakingpowderedfeedintopellets;stalkmodifiersforprocessingstrawfeed;washingmachines,slicers,andshreddersusedtoprocessjuicyfeedssuchaspotatoes,melonsandvegetablesMachine,beater,vegetablepureemachineandfeedpelletcooker,etc.

Feedingmanagementmachinery

Mainlyinclude:environmentalcontrolequipmentsuchasventilation,temperaturecontrolandlightingoflivestockhouses;livestockfeedinganddrinkingwaterEquipment;poultryandlivestockepidemicpreventionequipment;manureremovalandfecaltreatmentequipment,aswellaspoultryeggcollectionandmilkingequipment,etc.Themodernlayerhouseincludesacompletesetofmechanizedandautomatedequipmentfromhatchingandbroodingtoeggpacking.Undertheconditionofisolationfromtheoutsideworld,theenvironmentinthehousecanbeautomaticallycontrolledasrequired.Accordingtotheneedsofdifferentchickenagesandlayinghens,full-pricecompoundfeedisfedquantitatively,andautomaticdrinkingfountainsandregularmanureremovalequipmentareinstalled.Eggsareautomaticallycollectedbytheeggcollectionsystem,cleaned,graded,andpackedinboxesforshipment.

Manufacturingrequirements

Agriculturaltechnicalrequirements

Agriculturalmachineryusedforacertainoperationmustfirstmeettheagriculturaltechnicalrequirementsoftheoperation,Andhavethepossibilityofadjustmentwithinacertainrange,oradoptamodifiedmethodtoadapttodifferentagriculturaltechnicalrequirements.

Operationanduserequirements

Theuseofagriculturalmachineryisscattered,theenvironmentalconditionsarepoorandcomplexandchangeable,andtheseasonalityofagriculturaloperationsisstrong,soitisTherequirementsofthemachineryare:installation,adjustment,maintenance,couplingwiththetractor,liftingandfallingofworkingparts,replacementofwearingpartsandgeneraltroubleshooting,etc.aresimpleandeasy,andvarioussafetyprotectionmeasuresaretakentoensurethenormaloperationofthemachine.Safetyofoperationandoperatingpersonnel.Forexample,installautomaticobstaclecrossingdevicesandprotectivecoversorbafflesforvariousexposedmovingpartsonsoiltillagemachines,aswellasfacilitiesforcoldprotection,heatinsulation,dustprevention,soundinsulation,andvibrationreduction.

Universalandcomprehensiveutilization

Inordertoincreasetheutilizationrateofagriculturalmachineryandreduceoperatingcosts,underthepremiseofensuringtherequirementsofagriculturaltechnology,agriculturalmachineryshouldIthasawiderangeofversatilityandahighdegreeofcomprehensiveutilization.Forexample,auniversalrackcanbereplacedwithvariouscomponentssuchasseeding,fieldtillage,ditching,soilcultivation,fertilization,plantprotection,andpotatodigging,sothatitcanbeusedfordifferentoperationsindifferentseasons.Agraincombineharvestercanbeusedtoharvestrice,wheat,beans,corn,sorghum,sunflowerandothercropsbyreplacingandadjustingafewparts.

Serializedmachinery

Thestandardization,generalizationandserializationofagriculturalmachineryanditspartsaretoensureproductquality,reduceproductioncosts,andfacilitatesupplyImportantmeasuresforaccessoriesandmaintenance.InChina,nationalstandardsandministerialstandardsconcerningthetypes,basicparameters,technicalconditions,testmethods,anddimensionsofmainpartsofvariousagriculturalmachineryhavebeenformulatedandimplemented.Theyhavealsoformulatedsub-typeploughs,rotarytillers,Discharrows,paddyfieldrakes,planters,ricetransplanters,submersibleelectricpumps,sprinklerirrigationpumps,rockersprinklersandfeedgrindersandotherproductseries,someofwhichhaveauniversaldegreeof80-85%.

Othertechnicalandeconomicindicators

Includingtheproductivity,servicelife,priceandoperatingcostofagriculturalmachinery,aswellastheconsumptionoflabor,energyandsteel,etc.,usuallyItismeasuredbythemachineweightperunitwidthorunithourproductivity,metalconsumption,machineprice,andrequiredpower,oritcanbemeasuredbythecost,labor,andenergyconsumptionperunitofwork.Whendeterminingtheeconomiceffectsandthepossibilityofpopularizationofnewagriculturalmachineryproductsorvarieties,theseindicatorscanbecomparedwiththeoriginalproductsormanualoperations.

Manufacturingmaterials

Mostagriculturalmachineryworksintheopen,dusty,humidanddirtyenvironmentorinwater,andcomesincontactwithsoil,fertilizers,pesticides,feces,decayingplantsandwater,etc.,Subjecttothecorrosiveeffectsofthesematerialsandtheenvironment.Duringoperation,somepartsrubbedagainstsoil,croprhizomesandlivestockfurandothermaterialsandwereseverelyworn,andsomepartsweresubjectedtorelativelylargedynamicloadsandimpacts.Therefore,inthemanufactureofagriculturalmachinery,metalandnon-metalmaterialswithcorrosionresistance,wearresistance,frictionreduction,impactresistanceandfatigueresistanceareoftenused,andthecostislow,andtherawmaterialsarebasedontheresourcesofthecountry,andvarioustreatmentsareused.Processtoimproveandenhancetheperformanceofthesematerials.

Steelpipesandcold-formedsteel

Framesforplantersandfieldcultivatorswithsmallloads,usuallysquareorrectangularsectionlowcarbonsteelweldedsteelpipes,Theframeoftheheavy-dutysplitplough,chiselplough,discploughanddischarrow,etc.,useslow-alloymanganesesteelpipes.Theuseofcold-bentchannelsteelorcrimpedchannelsteelmadeofthinsteelplatetomanufactureplantersandfieldcultivatorscansignificantlyreducetheweightcomparedtotheuseofhot-rolledsteelframes.High-precisioncold-drawnthin-walledseamlesssteelpipesaresuitableformanufacturinghydrauliccylindersforagriculturalmachineryhydraulicsystems.

Alloysteelandlow-alloysteel

Madeofalloysteelsuchasmanganesesteel,silico-manganesesteel,nickel-chromiumsteel,chromium-molybdenumsteelandchromium-manganesesteelTheploughshares,discharrowblades,fieldcultivatorbackhoesandbladesofharvestersandshearingmachineshavegoodwearresistance.Deep-wellpumpshaftsandsprayerpartsmadeoflow-alloysteelcontainingchromium,nickel,copper,titaniumandrareearthelementshavehighcorrosionresistance.Bimetalliccompositesteelwithwear-resistantsteelorcorrosion-resistantsteelasthesurfacematerialorcoatinglayerisalsoanimportantmaterialforthemanufactureofagriculturalmachinery.

Cementedcarbide

Alayerofcementedcarbideisdepositedonthesurfaceofploughshares,fieldcultivatorshovelandharvesterblades,whichcanbedoubledImprovetheservicelifeoftheseparts.

Specialcastiron

Plowsideplatesmadeofnodulargraphitemanganesecastiron,feedpelletsmadeofbainiteplusboronnodularcastironafteraustemperingMachinedie,feedmillhammermadeoftoughwhitecastiron,ploughshareandrotarytillerscimitarmadeofpearliticmalleablecastiron,andpumpimpellermadeofboroncastiron,etc.,inordertoensurethenecessarystrengthandtoughness.Bottom,bothhavehighwearresistance.

Powdermetallurgymaterials

Usepowdermetallurgymaterialstomanufactureagriculturalmachinerygearsandothercomplex-shapedparts,whichcanreplacesomesteelorironcastings.Oil-bearingbearingsmadeofpowdermetallurgyporousmaterialshavebetteranti-frictioneffectsandself-lubricatingproperties.

Engineeringplastics

Engineeringplasticshavethecharacteristicsoflightweight,corrosionresistance,wearresistanceandfrictionreduction,andarewidelyusedinthemanufactureofplantprotectionmachinery,livestockBreedingequipment,farmlanddrainageandirrigationmachineryandotheragriculturalmachineryparts,suchasmedicinetanks,liquidpumps,sprayandpowderspraynozzles,drainageandirrigationpipes,sprayirrigationnozzles,bearingsforwaterturbinepumpsandsubmersibleelectricpumps,milkstoragetanksandConveyingpipelines,feedandwatersupplypipelines,drinkingfountainsforpoultryandlivestock,andseedingtroughsofplanters,etc.Commonlyusedplasticsincludepolyethylene,polypropylene,polyesterorepoxyglassfiberreinforcedplastics,polyvinylchloride,nylon,polyoxymethylene,phenolicplastics,andpolystyrene.Inaddition,usinglow-pressurepolyethylenetomakeplasticploughwallsorcoveringtheworkingsurfaceofploughwallswithpolytetrafluoroethyleneplasticcanreducefrictionalresistance.

Rubber

Ithasthecharacteristicsofwearresistance,corrosionresistanceandgoodelasticity.Inagriculturalmachinery,rubberisusedinadditiontovarioustransmissionbelts.Tomakerubbercrawlersofharvestingmachinery,fertilizingstarwheelsoffertilizationdevices,seedlingclawsofseedlingplanters,feedingrollersofsugarcaneplanters,rubberrollersofhullingmachines,irrigationhosesandvariousseals,etc.

Developmenttrend

Thedevelopmentofagriculturalmachineryisdirectlyrelatedtotheeconomicconditionsofthecountryandthecountryside.Ineconomicallydevelopedcountries,especiallyintheUnitedStateswheretherearefewagriculturallabors,agriculturalmachinerycontinuestodevelopinthedirectionoflarge-scale,wide-width,high-speedandhigh-productivity,andgraduallytransitiontotheautomationoftheproductionprocessonthebasisofmechanization.Variousadvancedscienceandtechnology,suchaselectronictechnologyandmicro-electroniccomputertechnology,areincreasinglywidelyusedinagriculturalmachineryproductsandtheirdesignandmanufacturing.Intheanimalhusbandryindustry,especiallythechickenindustryhasenteredthestageoffactorycontinuousproduction,theairtightchickenhousethatautomaticallycontrolsthemicroclimateisanewdevelopmentinanimalhusbandrymachinery.

Infieldmachinery,automaticcontroldevicesthatcombinehydraulicandelectricalcontrol,ordirectlyuseelectricalorelectromagneticcontrol,havebeguntobeapplied,suchastheliftingcontroloftheharvestingtableonthegraincombineandthereelcontrolContinuouslyvariablespeedandsoon.Thereareincreasingvarietiesofelectronicmonitoringinstruments,suchasseedinguniformitymonitorsonplanters,grainlossmonitorsanddrumspeedmonitorsongraincombineharvesters,andsprayrangeandsprayvolumemonitorsonsprayers.Electronictechnologyisincreasinglyusedinmechanicalequipmentsuchasautomaticgradingofvegetablesandfruitsandautomaticmanagementoffieldirrigation.

Chinastillfocusesonthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedagriculturalmachinery.Thekeydevelopmentprojectsareagriculturalmachineryvarietiesthathavehigheconomicbenefits,canimprovetheabilitytoresistnaturaldisasters,ensurestableandhighoutput,andincreaseproductionandincome,suchasirrigationanddrainage,plantprotection,andfertilizationmachinery.Thetypesofmachineryusedfordiversifiedoperationsinruralareaswillbegreatlydeveloped,suchasvariousagriculturalandsidelineproductsprocessingmachineryandlivestockbreedingmachinery,aswellasbeekeeping,silkwormbreeding,pondfishbreedingandediblefunguscultivationmachineryandequipment.

Theenergy-savingofagriculturalmachineryandthedevelopmentofavarietyofagriculturalenergysourceshavereceivedincreasingattention.Thedevelopmenttrendis:①Startingfromimprovingthecombustionprocess,recyclingexhaustgasandcoolingwaterheat,etc.,reducetheinternalcombustionengineFuelconsumption.②Internalcombustionenginesthatusevegetableoil,alcoholandbiogastoobtainfuelfromagriculturalandsidelineproductsorruralwastes,anddual-fuelinternalcombustionenginesthatcanchangethefuelused.③Usingsolarenergy,geothermalheatandwasteheatfromthermalpowerstationstodrygrainsandotheragriculturalproducts,orusetheminheatingsystemsforgreenhousesandlivestockhouses.④Usingwindpowerandwaterlifting,etc.

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