Domov technika physics

physics



Synonymphysics(physics)generallyreferstophysics(naturalsciencediscipline)

Basicdefinition

Physicsisanaturalsciencethatfocusesonthestudyofmatter,Energy,space,time,especiallytheirrespectivepropertiesandtheirinterrelationships.Physicsistheknowledgeaboutthelawsofnature;morebroadlyspeaking,physicsexploresandanalyzesthephenomenathatoccurinnaturetounderstanditsrules.

Physics(physics)researchobjects:physicalphenomena,matterstructure,matterinteraction,mattermotionlaw.

Thescaleofphysicsresearch-thelevelandmagnitudeofthematerialworld

Spatialscale:

Atoms,nuclei,elementaryparticles,DNAlength,thesmallestcell,Galaxyclusters,MilkyWay,distancesofstars,solarsystem,superclusters,Hubbleradius,etc.Theimageofhumansnakeswallowingtailvividlyshowsthelevelofphysicalspacesize.

Microscopicparticles:protonsm

Mesoscopic

Macroscopic

Cosmos(cosmological)quasarsm

Timescale:

Elementaryparticlelifetime10-25s

Thelifetimeoftheuniverseis1018s

Dividedaccordingtothespatialscale:quantummechanics,classicalphysics,andcosmicphysics.

Dividedbyspeed:relativisticphysics,non-relativisticphysics.

Dividedaccordingtothesizeoftheobject:micro,meso,macro,cosmos.

Dividedbymovementspeed:lowspeed,mediumspeed,highspeed.

Dividedbyresearchmethods:experimentalphysics,theoreticalphysics,andcomputationalphysics.

Introductiontoclassification

●Newtonianmechanicsandanalyticalmechanicsstudythebasiclawsofthemechanicalmotionofobjectsandthelawsabouttherelativityoftimeandspace.

●Electromagnetism(electromagnetism)andelectrodynamics(electrodynamics)studyelectromagneticphenomena,thelawofelectromagneticmotionofmatterandthelawofelectromagneticradiation.

●Thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanicsstudythestatisticallawsofthethermalmotionofmatteranditsmacroscopicperformance.

●Specialrelativity(specialrelativity)studiestheeffectsofhigh-speedmotionofobjectsandrelateddynamiclaws.

●Generalrelativity(generalrelativity)studiesthedynamicbehaviorofobjectsinthevicinityofmassiveobjectsunderstronggravitationalfields.

●Quantummechanicsstudiesthemotionphenomenaandbasicmotionlawsofmicroscopicmatter.

Inaddition,thereare:

ParticlePhysics,NuclearPhysics,AtomicandMolecularPhysics,SolidStatePhysics,CondensedMatterPhysics,LaserPhysics,PlasmaPhysics,Geophysics,Biophysics,Astrophysics,etc.

ResearchFields

Thefieldofphysicsresearchcanbedividedintothefollowingfourmajorareas:

1.Condensedmatterphysics-thestudyofthemacroscopicpropertiesofmatter.Thephasecontainsaverylargenumberofcomponents,andtheinteractionbetweenthecomponentsisextremelystrong.Themostfamiliarcondensedphasesaresolidsandliquids,whichareformedbybondsbetweenatomsandelectromagneticforces.MorecondensedphasesincludesupercurrentandBose-Einsteincondensedmatter(foundincertainatomicsystemsatverylowtemperatures);superconductingphasesappearinginconductiveelectronsincertainmaterials;atomiclatticesFerromagneticandantiferromagneticphases.Condensedmatterphysicshasalwaysbeenthelargestresearchfield.Historically,ithasgrownphysicallyfromsolids.ThisnamewasfirstproposedbyPhilipAndersonin1967.

2.Atomic,molecularandopticalphysics-studytheinteractionofmatter-matterandlight-matterwithintherangeofatomicsizeorseveralatomicstructures.Thesethreeareasarecloselyrelated.Becausetheyusesimilarmethodsandrelatedenergyscales.Theyallincludeclassicalandquantumprocessingmethods;dealingwithproblemsfromamicroscopicperspective.Atomicphysicsdealswithatomicshells,focusingonquantumcontrolofatomsandions;coolingandtrapping;low-temperaturecollisiondynamics;accuratemeasurementoffundamentalconstants;collectiveeffectsofelectronsinstructuraldynamics.Atomicphysicsisaffectedbythenucleus.However,nuclearinternalphenomenasuchasnuclearfissionandnuclearsynthesisbelongtohigh-energyphysics.Molecularphysicsfocusesonpolyatomicstructuresandtheirinternalandexternalinteractionswithmatterandlight.Opticalphysicshereonlystudiesthebasicpropertiesoflightandtheinteractionbetweenlightandmatterinthemicroscopicfield.

3.High-energy/particlephysics-particlephysicsstudiesthebasiccomponentsofmatterandenergyandtheirinteraction;itcanalsobecalledhigh-energyphysics.Becausemanyelementaryparticlesdonotoriginallyexistinnature,theyonlyappearwhentheycollidewithotherparticlesathighenergyinaparticleaccelerator.Accordingtothestandardmodelofinteractionofelementaryparticles,thereare12elementaryparticlemodels(quarksandlightparticles)ofknownmatter.Theyinteractthroughstrong,weakandelectromagneticfundamentalforces.TheStandardModelalsopredictstheexistenceofaHiggs-Boseparticle.Nowlookingforit.

4.Astrophysics-Astrophysicsandmodernastronomyapplyphysicaltheoriesandmethodstostudythestructureandevolutionofstars,theoriginofthesolarsystem,andrelatedissuesoftheuniverse.Becauseofthewidescopeofastrophysics,itusesmanyprinciplesofphysics,includingmechanics,electromagnetism,statisticalmechanics,thermodynamics,andquantummechanics.In1931,Carldiscoveredradiosignalsfromcelestialbodiesandbeganradioastronomy.Thefrontiersofastronomyhavebeenexpandedbyspaceexploration.Theinterferenceoftheearth’satmospherenecessitatestheuseofinfrared,ultra-ultraviolet,gammarays,andX-raystoobservespace.Physicalcosmologystudiestheformationandevolutionoftheuniverseonalargescale.Einstein'stheoryofrelativityplayedacentralroleinthemoderntheoryoftheuniverse.Intheearly20thcentury,Hubblediscoveredthattheuniversewasexpandingfromthepicture,whichpromotedthediscussionbetweenthetheoryofstablestateoftheuniverseandthebigbang.Thediscoveryofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundin1964provedthattheBigBangtheorymaybecorrect.TheBigBangmodelisbasedontwotheoreticalframeworks:Einstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativityandtheprinciplesofcosmology.CosmologyhasestablishedtheACDMuniverseevolutionmodel,whichincludestheexpansionoftheuniverse,darkenergyanddarkmatter.FromthenewdataoftheFermiGamma-raytelescopeandtheimprovementoftheexistinguniversemodel,manypossibilitiesanddiscoveriescanbeexpected.Especiallyinthenextfewyears,theremaybemanydiscoveriesarounddarkmatter.

HistoryofPhysics

●GalileoGalilei(1564~1642),thefounderofmodernhumanphysics,laidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofmodernhumanphysicalscience.

●Quantummechanicswasestablishedfrom1900to1926.

●Fermi-Diracstatisticswereestablishedin1926.

●TheBlochwavetheorywasestablishedin1927.

●In1928Sommerfeldproposedtheconjectureofenergyband.

●In1929,Pyersproposedtheconceptofforbiddenbandandcavity,andBetteproposedtheconceptofFerminoodlesinthesameyear.

●In1947,Barding,BrattonandShockleyofBellLabsinventedthetransistor,markingthebeginningoftheinformationage.

●In1957PipademeasuredthefirstFermisurfacesuperlatticematerialnanomaterialphoton.

●JackKilbyinventedtheintegratedcircuitin1958.

●Large-scaleintegratedcircuitsappearedinthe1970s.

Therelationshipbetweenphysicsandphysicaltechnology:

●Theinventionanduseofheatenginesprovidethefirstmode:technology-physics-technology

●Theprocessofelectrificationprovidesasecondmodel:Physics-Technology-Physics

Today,thetwomodelsoftherelationshipbetweenphysicsandscienceandtechnologycoexist,intersectandpromoteeachother."Withoutthebasicscienceofyesterday,therewouldbenotechnologicalrevolutiontoday."Forexample:theuseofnuclearenergy,thegenerationoflasers,tomography(CT),superconductingelectrontechnology,particlescatteringexperiments,thediscoveryofX-rays,stimulatedemissiontheory,cryogenicsuperconductingmicroscopictheory,andthebirthofelectroniccomputers.Almostallthecreationofmajornew(high-tech)fieldshavebeenbrewedinphysicsforalongtimebeforehand.

Researchmethods

Physicsmethodsandscientificattitudes:proposingpropositions→theoreticalexplanations→theoreticalpredictions→experimentalverification→revisingtheories.

Modernphysicsisahighlyprecisesciencethatcombinestheoryandexperiment.Itsproductionprocessisasfollows:

  1. PhysicspropositionsaregenerallybasedonnewobservationfactsorExtractedfromexperimentalfacts,ordeducedfromexistingprinciples;

  2. Firsttrytouseknowntheoriestoexplainpropositions,logicalreasoningandmathematicalcalculations.Iftheexistingtheorycannotbeexplainedperfectly,itisnecessarytomodifytheoriginalmodelorproposeanewtheoreticalmodel;

  3. Thenewtheoreticalmodelmustmakepredictions,andthepredictionscanbeconfirmedbyexperiments;

  4. Intheend,allphysicaltheoriesmustbebasedonobservationsorexperimentalfacts.Whenatheorydoesnotmatchtheexperimentalfacts,itfacesmodificationoroverthrow.

●Howtolearnphysics?

ThefamousphysicistFeynmansaid:"Scienceisamethod.Itteachespeople:howsomethingsareunderstood,whatisknown,towhatextent,howtodealwithquestionsandUncertainty,whatlawstheevidenceobeys;howtothinkaboutthings,makejudgments,andhowtodistinguishbetweentrueandfalseandsuperficialphenomena?”ThefamousphysicistEinsteinsaid:“DevelopingthegeneralabilityofindependentthinkingandindependentjudgmentshouldalwaysbeplacedFirst,professionalknowledgeshouldnotbeputfirst.Ifapersonmastersthebasictheoryofhissubjectandlearnstothinkandworkindependently,hewilldefinitelyfindhisownway,andmoreimportantlythanthat,toobtaindetailedknowledgeForthosewhotrainthecontent,hewilldefinitelybetteradapttoprogressandchanges."

●Learningpointofview:learnphysicslogicallyandcoordinatelyasawhole,andunderstandeachbranchofphysicsInterrelationshipsbetween.

●Theessenceofphysics:Physicsdoesnotstudytheultimatemechanismofnaturalphenomena(orcannotstudyatall).WecanonlyfeeltherulesofnatureincertainphenomenaandtrytoexplainthembytheserulesAnythingthathappensinnature.Ourlimitedintelligenceisalwaystryingtounderstandnatureandtrytochangeit.Thisisthecommongoalofphysicsandevenallnaturalsciences.

Relevantsciencesbasedonphysicsinclude:chemistry,materialsscience,astronomy,physicalgeography,etc.

Thenatureofthesubject

Thebasicnature

Physicsisaregularsummaryofpeople’sknowledgeofthemovementandtransformationofmatterinnature.ThismovementandThereshouldbetwotransitions.Thefirstistheextensionofearlypeoplethroughthesensesandvision;thesecondisthatmodernpeopleinventedandcreatedscientificinstrumentsforobservationandmeasurement,andtheresultsofexperimentswerebasedontheindirectunderstandingoftheinternalcompositionofmatter.Physicscanberoughlydividedintotwoparts:microscopicandmacroscopicfromdifferentresearchperspectivesandviewpoints:Macroscopicphysicsdoesnotanalyzeindividualeffectsinagroupofparticles,butdirectlyconsiderstheoveralleffect,whichhasappearedintheearlieststage;thebirthofmicrophysics,Originatedfromthefactthatmacroscopicphysicscannotwellexplainnewexperimentalphenomenasuchasblackbodyradiation,photoelectriceffect,andatomicspectroscopy.Itisarevisionofmacroscopicphysics,andgraduallyimprovedwiththedevelopmentofexperimentaltechnologyandtheoreticalphysics.

Secondly,physicsisanotherkindofintelligence.

AstheNobelLaureateinPhysicsandGermanscientistBornsaid:"Itisbecausemypublishedworkcontainsadiscoveryofanaturalphenomenon.ItisbettertosaythatitcontainsaOnthebasisofscientificthinkingandmethodsofnaturalphenomena."Thereasonwhyphysicsisrecognizedasanimportantscienceisnotonlybecauseitdeeplyrevealsthelawsoftheobjectiveworld,butalsobecauseitisintheprocessofdevelopmentandgrowth.Asetofuniqueandeffectivethinkingmethodsystemhasbeenformed.Becauseofthis,physicshasbecomeawell-deservedcrystallizationofhumanintelligenceandatreasureofcivilization.

Alotoffactsshowthatphysicalideasandmethodsarenotonlyvaluabletophysicsitself,butalsomakeimportantcontributionstothedevelopmentoftheentirenaturalsciencesandevensocialsciences.Someonehascountedthatsincethemiddleofthe20thcentury,morethanhalfofthewinnersoftheNobelPrizeinChemistry,BiologyandMedicine,andevenEconomicsPrizeshaveabackgroundinphysics-whichmeanstheylearnedfromphysics.Absorbedintelligence,andsucceededinnon-physicalfields.Conversely,therehaveneverbeeninstancesofscientistswithnon-physicalbackgroundswinningtheNobelPrizeinPhysics.Thisisthepowerofphysicalintelligence.Nowondersomeforeignexpertspointedoutverysharply:anationwithoutphysicalaccomplishmentisastupidnation!

Inshort,physicsisasummaryofthelawsofnature,andatheoreticalunderstandingofempiricalscience.

Sixproperties

1.Truth:Theoriesandexperimentsofphysicsrevealthemysteriesofnatureandreflecttheobjectivelawsofmaterialmovement.

2.Harmonyandunity:themovementofcelestialbodiesinthemysteriousspace,underthedescriptionofKepler'sthreelaws,showshowharmoniousandorderly.Severalgreatunificationsinphysicsalsoshowasenseofbeauty.Newtonusedthethreelawsofuniversalgravitationtounifyallmacroscopicobjectsintheskyandontheearth.TheestablishmentofMaxwell'selectromagnetictheoryunifieselectricityandmagnetism.Einstein'smass-energyequationestablishesaunityofmassandenergy.Thewave-particledualitytheoryoflightunifiestheparticleandwaveproperties.Einstein'stheoryofrelativityunifiestimeandspace.

3.Simplicity:Themathematicallanguageofthelawsofphysicsreflectsthesimplicityofphysics.Forexample:Newton'ssecondlaw,Einstein'smass-energyequation,Faraday'slawofelectromagneticinduction.

4.Symmetry:Symmetrygenerallyreferstothesymmetryoftheshapeofanobject,anddeepsymmetryismanifestedinthedevelopmentandchangeofthingsorthesymmetryofobjectivelaws.Forexample:thespatiallatticestructureofvariouscrystalsinphysicshasahighdegreeofsymmetry.Verticalthrowingmotion,simpleharmonicmotion,wavemirrorsymmetry,magnetoelectricsymmetry,forceandreactionforcesymmetry,positiveparticlesandantiparticles,positivematterandantimatter,positiveandnegativeelectricity,etc.

5.Predictability:Thecorrectphysicaltheorycannotonlyexplainthephysicalphenomenadiscoveredatthattime,butalsopredictthephysicalphenomenathatcouldnotbedetectedatthattime.Forexample:Maxwell'selectromagnetictheorypredictstheexistenceofelectromagneticwaves,Rutherfordpredictstheexistenceofneutrons,Fresnel'sdiffractiontheorypredictsthatthereisaPoissonspotinthecenterofthediscdiffraction,andDiracpredictstheexistenceofelectrons.

6.Sophistication:Physicsexperimenthassophistication.Theingeniousdesignmethodmakesthephysicalphenomenonmoreobvious.

NobelPrize

PreviousNobelPrizewinnersinPhysics:

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1901

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WilmConradRoentgen(German)

X-raydiscovery

1902

HendrickAntonLorenz,P.Zeeman(Dutch)

Researchontheinfluenceofmagneticfieldonradiation

1903

AnthonyHenryBecquerel(French)

Discovertheradioactivityofsubstances

PierreCurie(French),MarieCurie(Poland)

Researchontheelementofradium

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1904

JWRayleigh(British)

Engagedintheresearchofgasdensityanddiscoveredtheargonelement

1905

PEAReynard(German)

Researchoncathodewires

1906

JosephJohnThomson(British)

ImportanttogasdischargetheoryandexperimentalresearchContribution

1907

AAMichelson(American)

Inventedopticalinterferometersandusedtheseinstrumentsforspectroscopyandmetrologyresearch

1908

GabrielLippmann(French)

Inventedthecolorphotographicinterferencemethod(ieLippmanninterferenceLaw)

1909

GalilmoMarconi(Italian),KFBraun(German)

Developedradiocommunication,anddiscoveredRichardson’slaw

1910

HannisDiderickVanderWaals(Netherlands)

Researchongaseousandliquidagendastyles

1911

W.Wien(German)

DiscoverThelawofthermalradiation

1912

NGDarren(Swedish)

Inventedanautomaticknotdevicethatcanbeusedinconjunctionwiththeignitionnavigationbeaconandbuoygasbattery

1913

H·Kamelin-Angnes(Netherlands)

Involvedinthesuperconductivityresearchofliquidhelium

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1914

MaxVanLaue(German)

DiscoverX-raydiffractionphenomenaincrystals

1915

WilliamHenryBragg,WilliamLawrenceBragg(British)

AnalysisofcrystalstructurewithX-ray

Noawardsin1916

1917

CGBarkra(British)

DiscoverthecharacteristicsofsecondaryX-radiationofelements

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1918

MaxKarlErnestLudwigPLangke(German)

Makeagreatcontributiontotheestablishmentofquantumtheory

1919

J.Stark(German)

DiscovertheDopplereffectofpolartunnelraysandtheelectricfieldSplittingofspectrallines

1920

CEGuillaume(Swiss)

Discovertheabnormalphenomenonofnickelsteelalloyanditsimportanceinprecisionphysics

1921

AlBertEinstein(AmericanJew)

Discoveredthelawofphotoelectriceffect,etc.

1922

NielsHenrikDavidBohr(Dane)

WorkinginatomsResearchonstructureandatomicradiation

1923

RAMilliken(American)

Researchonbasicchargeandphotoelectriceffect

1924

KMGSiegbahn(Swedish)

DiscoveredspectrallinesinX-rays

1925

JamesFrank,G.Hertz(German)

Discoverthelawofcollisionbetweenatomsandelectrons

1926

JBPerrin(FrancePeople)

Researchonthediscontinuousstructureofmatteranddiscoverthebalanceofsedimentation

1927

ArthurHollyCompton(American)

DiscovertheComptoneffect(alsoknownasComptonScattering)

CTRWilson(British)

Inventedthecloudchamber,whichcanshowthetrackofelectronspassingthroughwatervapor

1928

OWRichardson(British)

Researchonthermionicphenomena,especiallythediscoveryofRichardson’slaw

1929

LouisVictordeBroglie(French)

Discoveryofmatterwaves

1930

CVRaman(Indian)

IwasengagedintheresearchoflightdispersionandfoundtheRamaneffect

Noawardswereawardedin1931

1932

WernerK.Heisenberg(German)

Createdquantummechanics

1933

(1934Noawardsintheyear)

ErwinSchrödinger(Austrian),PAMDirac(British)

DiscoverAneweffectiveformofatomictheory

1935

J.Chadwick(British)

Discoverneutrons

1936

VFHess(Austrian)

Discovercosmicrays

CDAnderson(American)

Positrondiscovery

1937

CJDavidson(American),GPThomson(British)

FoundcrystalpairDiffractionofelectrons

1938

E.Fermi(Italian)

Discovernewradioactiveelementsproducedbyneutronbombardmentanddiscovertheuseofslowneutronstoachievenuclearreactions

1939

(Noawardswereawardedfrom1940to1942)

EOLawrence(American)

Inventedanddevelopedthecyclotronandachievedresultsrelatedtoartificialradioactivity.

1943

O.Stern(American)

Developedmolecularbeammethodandprotonmagneticmomentmeasurement

1944

IIRabbi(American)

InventedFamousgasnuclearmagneticresonancemethod

1945

Wolfgang·E·BaoLie(AustriaPeople)

Foundincompatibilityprinciple

1946

PWBridgman(American)

Inventedtheultra-highpressuredeviceandmadeachievementsinhigh-pressurephysics

1947

EVAppleton(British)

Theexistenceoftheionosphereisconfirmed

1948

PMSBlackett(British)

ImprovedtheWilsoncloudchambermethod,whichledtoaseriesofdiscoveries

1949

YukawaHideki(Japanese)

Proposedthemesontheoryofnucleonsandpredictedtheexistenceofmesons

1950

CFPowell(British)

Developedaphotographiclatexrecordingmethodtostudythenucleardestructionprocessanddiscoveredvariousmesons

1951

JDCockcroft(British),ETSWalton(Irish)

ByartificiallyacceleratedparticlebombardmentAtom,causingittoproduceanuclearreaction(transmutation)

1952

F.BlowHe,EMPurcell(American)

Engagedintheresearchofmatternuclearmagneticresonancephenomenonandfoundedtheatomicnuclearmagneticmeasurementmethod

1953

F.Zernike(Dutch)

InventedtheContrastmicroscope

1954

MaxBorn

Contributetothestatisticalinterpretationandresearchofquantummechanicsandwavefunctions

W.Bot(German)

Inventedthecoincidencecountingmethodtostudynuclearreactionsandgammarays

1955

WERam(American)

InventedMicrowavetechnologytostudythefinestructureofhydrogenatoms

P.Kush(American)

Usingradiofrequencybeamtechnologytoaccuratelymeasuretheelectronicmagneticmoment,innovatingthenucleartheory

1956

WHBratton,J.Barding,WBShockley(American)

IwasengagedinsemiconductorresearchanddiscoveredTransistoreffect

1957

LiZhengdao,YangZhenning(ChineseAmerican)

In-depthresearchonthelawofparity

1958

PACherenkov,IETam,IMFrank(Russian)

DiscoveredandexplainedtheCherenkoveffect

1959

E.G.Segre,O.Chamberlain(American)

Thediscoveryofantiprotons

1960

DAGrasse(American)

Inventedthebubblechamber,replacingWilson'scloudchamber

1961

R.Hofstadter(American)

Usinglinearacceleratorstoengageinhigh-energyelectronsScatteringresearchanddiscoveryofnuclei

RLMusbauer(German)

Iwasengagedinthestudyoftheresonanceabsorptionphenomenonofγ-raysanddiscoveredtheMoosebauereffect

1962

LevDavidovichLandau(Russian)

Initiatedthetheoryofcondensedmatter,especiallyliquidhelium

1963

EPWigner(American)

Discoverthesymmetryofelementaryparticlesandtheprincipleoftheinteractionbetweenprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus

MGMeyer(American),JHDJensen(German)

Researchonthetheoryofnuclearshellmodel

1964

CHTowns(American),NGBasov,AMProkhorov(Russian)

Inventedmicrowavetransmittersandlasers,andengagedinbasicresearchinquantumelectronics

1965

1965

1965

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AsanaShinichiro(Japan),JSSchwinger,RPFeynman(American)

IntermsofquantumelectrodynamicsCarryingoutbasicresearchthathasaprofoundimpactonelementaryparticlephysics

1966

A.Castler(French)

Discoveredanddevelopedadoubleresonancemethodthatcombinesopticalresonanceandmagneticresonancetomakethebeamandradiofrequencyelectromagneticdoubleresonance

1967

HABetty(American)

Contributetonuclearreactiontheory,especiallythediscoveryofenergyintheplanet

1968

1968

LWAlvarez(American)

Throughthedevelopmentofliquidhydrogenbubblesanddataanalysistechnology,manyresonancestateshavebeendiscovered

1969

M.Gellman(American)

Discovertheclassificationandinteractionofelementaryparticles

1970

L.Nell(French)

Researchonferromagnetismandantiferromagnetism

H.Alvin(Swedish)

Beengagedinbasicresearchinmagnetohydrodynamics

1971

D.Gabor(British)

Inventedanddevelopedholographicphotography

1972

J.Barding,LNCooper,JRSchriever(American)

Theoreticallyexplainthesuperconductivityphenomenon

1973

EzakiRena(Japanese),I.Jaev(American)

Throughexperimentstodiscoverthe"tunnelingeffect"andsuperconductingsubstancesinsemiconductors

BDJosephson(British)

DiscovertheJosephsoneffectofsuperconductingcurrentpassingthroughthetunnelbarrier

1974

M.Ryle,A.Herves(British)

Pioneeringresearchinradioastronomy

1975

ANBohr,BRMortelson(Dane),J.Rainwater(American)

Researchontheinternalstructureofthenucleus

1976

B.Richter(American),DingZhaozhong(ChineseAmerican)

Foundaveryheavyneutralmeson-J/φparticle

1977

PWAndrin,JHVanFleck(American),NFMott(British)

WorkinmagneticanddisorderedsystemsBasicresearchonelectronicstructure

1978

P.Karza(Russian)

Researchoncryogenics

AAPengQiyaSriLanka,RWWilson(American)

Discoverthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation

1979

SheldonLeeGlashaw,StevenWeinberg(American),A.Salam(Pakistan)

Predicttheexistenceofweakneutralcurrents,andcontributetotheunifiedtheoryofweakinteractionbetweenelementaryparticlesandelectromagneticinteraction

1980

JWCronin,VLFitch(American)

DiscoverthedecayofneutralKmesonTheparity(CP)inChineseisnotconserved

1981

KMSigbaEn(Swedish)

Developedhigh-resolutionmeasuringinstrument

N.Blombergen,A.XiaoLuo(American)

Contributetothedevelopmentoflaserspectroscopyandhigh-resolutionelectronicspectroscopy

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1982

KGWilson(American)

Proposethetheoryofcriticalphenomenarelatedtophasetransition

1983

S.Chandrasecka,WAFowler(American)

Researchonthephysicalprocessoftheevolutionofstars

1984

C.Rubia(Italian),S.

Vandermeer(Dutch)

Ithasmadeadecisivecontributiontothelarge-scaleprojectthatledtothediscoveryofweaklyinteractingtransmitterfieldparticlesW±andZ_0

1985

K.vonKlitzing(German)

DiscoveryTheHalleffectandthedevelopmentofatechniqueformeasuringphysicalconstants

1986

E.Ruska(German)

Inthefieldofelectro-optics,hehasdonealotofbasicresearchanddevelopedthefirstelectronmicroscope

G.Binig(German),H.Roller(Swiss)

Designedanddevelopedanewtypeofelectronmicroscope-scanningtunnelingmicroscope

1987

JGBedKnowles(German),KAMiller(Swiss)

Discoveredoxidehigh-temperaturesuperconductors

1988

L.Lederman,M.Schwartz,J.Steinberg(American)

DiscovermuonsTypeneutrino,whichrevealstheinternalstructureofleptons

1989

W.Paul(German),HGDemert,NFRamsey(American)

Createtheworld'smostaccuratetimemeasurementmethod-atomicclock,Makingoutstandingcontributionstophysicalmeasurement

1990

JIFriedman,HWKendall(American),RichardE·Taylor(Canadian)

Theexistenceofquarkisprovedforthefirsttimethroughexperiments

1991

Pierre-GilledeGenère(French)

Theoreticalresearchonliquidcrystalsandpolymers

Time

People

Reasonforwinning

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1992

G.Schapak(French)

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Developedmulti-wireproportionalcountertube

1993

RAHulse,JHTaylor(American)

Thediscoveryofapairofpulsarsprovidesnewopportunitiesforthestudyofgravity

1994

BNBrockhouse(Canadian),CGSchall(American)

inResearchoncondensedmatterInthestudy,neutronscatteringtechnologywasdeveloped

1995

MLPell,F.Reins(American)

Discoveredsubatomicparticlesinnature:gammalepton,Neutrino

1996

DMLee(American),DDOsheroff(American),RichardC.Richardson(American)

foundinlowtemperatureHeliumthatcanflowwithoutfriction-3

1997

ZhuDiwen(ChineseAmerican),WDPhillips(American),C.CohenTanuji(French)

Inventedthemethodoflasercoolingandtrappingatoms

1998

Laughlin(U.S.),Sturmer(U.S.),CuiQi(Chinese-American)

DiscoverThefractionalquantumHalleffect

1999

H.Hoft(Netherlands),M.Weltmann(Netherlands)

Explainthequantificationofweakelectroplatinginteractionsinphysicsstructure.

2000

AlferroHusband(Russian),Kilby(American),Kramer(American)

Becauseoftheirpioneeringresearch,theylaidthefoundationforinformationtechnologyThefoundationoftheNobelPrizeinPhysics.

2001

Ketler(Germany),Cornell(U.S.)andWiman(U.S.)

Inthe"Bose-EinsteinCondensationofAlkalineAtomRareGasAchievementshavebeenmadeintheareasof“earlybasicresearchonthepropertiesofcondensedmatter”and“condensedmatter”.

2002

Raymond·Davis(UnitedStates),XiaoShibaChangjun(Japan),RiccardoGiaconi(UnitedStates)

TomakeHispioneeringcontributionhasopenedtwonew"windows"formankindtoobservetheuniverse.

2003

AlekXieAbrikosov(dualcitizenshipoftheUnitedStatesandRussia),VitalyGünzburg(Russia),AnthonyLeggett(dualcitizenshipoftheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates)

Apioneeringcontributiontothetheoryofsuperconductorsandsuperfluids.

2004

DavidGross,DavidPolitzer,FrankWierzek(allAmericans)

Thesethreescientists’researchonquarkhasmadescienceIt'sclosertorealizingitsdreamof"buildingatheoryforeverything."

2005

UniversityofColoradoOfJohnL.Hall,RoyJ.GlauberofHarvardUniversity,andTeodorHenschofLudwigMaximilianUniversityinGermany

ResearchresultscanimproveGPStechnology

2006

JohnMatherandGeorgeSmoot(bothAmericans)

foundblackbodyDisturbancephenomenaofshapeandcosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation

2007

AlbeFell(French)andPeterGreenberger(Germany)

Resistance"effect.Thistechnologyisconsidered"oneofthefirstpracticalapplicationsinthepromisingfieldofnanotechnology."

2008

KobayashiMakoto,ToshiMaskawaandYoichiroNanbu(Japan)

Discoveredthespontaneoussymmetrybreakingmechanismofsubatomicphysics

2009

GaoKun,aChineseBritishphysicist

"Thepioneeringachievementofopticaltransmissioninthefieldofopticalcommunication"

AmericanphysicistsWillardS.BoyleandGeorgeE.Smith

"Inventedtheimagingsemiconductorcircuit-chargecoupleddeviceimagesensorCCD"

2010

UniversityofManchesterscientistsAndreGaim(Russian)andKonstantinNovoselov(Russian))

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2011

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Duetothediscoverythattheacceleratedexpansionoftheuniversecouldeventuallybecomeice

2012

FrenchscientistSergeHaroche(SergeHaroche)andAmericanscientistDavidJ.Winland

Achievetheoperationandmeasurementofasinglequantumsystemwithoutchangingitsquantummechanicalproperties

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