Domov technika DNA computer

DNA computer



Introduction

SincetheoriginalDNAcalculationwasrealizedbydissolvingDNAinatesttube,thiskindofcomputerconsistsofapileoftesttubesfilledwithorganicliquid,sosomepeoplecallita"testtubecomputer".

TheDNAcomputer"inputs"RNA,proteinsandotherchemicalsubstancesinthecytoplasm,and"outputs"molecularsignalsthatareeasytodistinguish.Inbiomedicalapplications,DNAcomputerscandetectandmonitorthecharacteristicinformationofallactivitiesincellssuchasgenemutations,identifydiseasedcellssuchascancercells,andautomaticallytriggersmalldosesoftreatment.

Features

Comparedwithtraditionalelectroniccomputers,DNAcomputershavemanyadvantages,suchas:

1)Smallsize.Itssmallsizecanhold1trillionsuchcomputersinatesttubeatthesametime.

2)Largestoragecapacity.OnecubicmeterofDNAsolutioncanstore1trillionbinarydata.Theamountofdatathatcanbestoredin1cubiccentimeterofDNAexceedsthecapacityof1trillionCDs.

3)Fastcalculation.Thecalculationspeedcanreach1billiontimespersecond,andmorethantenhoursofDNAcalculationsareequivalenttothetotalamountofcalculationssincetheadventofallcomputers.

4)Lowenergyconsumption.TheenergyconsumptionofDNAcomputersisverylow,equivalenttoonlyonebillionthofthatofordinarycomputers.Ifplacedinlivingcells,energyconsumptionwillbelower.

5)Parallelism.Ordinarycomputersusethemethodofsequentiallyexecutinginstructions.DuetotheuniquedatastructureofDNA,hundredsofmillionsofDNAcomputerscanhandleaproblemfromdifferentanglesatthesametime,andcanperform1billionoperationsatatime,thatis,inparallel.Workgreatlyimprovesefficiency.

Inaddition,DNAcomputerscansynchronizescientificobservationswithchemicalreactions,savingalotofresearchfunding.

Basicprinciples

Thehistoryofmachinecalculationcanbetracedbackto1641,whenthe18-year-oldFrenchmathematicianPascalsuccessfullymanufacturedaneight-digitadditioncomputerwithgeartransmission.Thishasbroughthumancomputingandcomputingtechnologyintoanewstage.Afterhundredsofyearsofhardwork,theworld'sfirstelectroniccomputerwasfinallysuccessfullydevelopedin1946(ENIACiscalledElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer).Sincethen,mankindhasenteredaneweraofcomputingtechnology.

FromtheearliestPascalgearmachinetotoday’smostadvancedelectroniccomputer,itscalculationmethodisakindofsymboltransformationofphysicalproperties,whichisspecificallycomposedofbasicactionssuchas"addition"and"subtraction"of.However,thecurrentDNAcomputinghasundergoneessentialchanges.Calculationisnolongerasignconversionofphysicalproperties,butasignconversionofchemicalproperties,thatis,itisnolongerthe"addition"and"subtraction"operationsofphysicalpropertiesbutthecuttingandpasting,insertionanddeletionofchemicalproperties.Thiskindofcomputingrevolutionisunprecedented.Itisofepoch-makingsignificance.

WeknowthattheDNAmoleculeisalongdouble-helicalchain,coveredwith"pearls"ornucleotides,andhasfourbasesonit,namely:adenine(A),birdPurine(G),cytosine(C)andthymine(T).Throughthedifferentarrangementsofthesenucleotides,DNAmoleculescanexpressalargeamountofinformationpossessedbyvariouscellsofthelivingbody.Mathematicians,biologists,chemists,andcomputerexpertsareinspiredbyit.TheyusethecharacteristicsofDNAtoencodeinformation,firstsynthesizeDNAmoleculeswithspecificsequencestomakethemrepresenttheproblemtobesolved,andthenmakethemreactwitheachotherthroughtheactionofbiologicalenzymes(equivalenttoaddition,subtraction,multiplication,anddivisionoperations)toformvariouscombinations,Andfinallyfilterouttheincorrectcombinationtogetthecodingmoleculesequenceisthecorrectanswer.

Researchprogress

InOctober2011,theUnitedKingdomdevelopedabiologicallogicgateusingbacteria

Thisisthemostadvanced"biologicalcircuit"ever.Suchbiologicallogicgatesaremodular,andtheycanbeinstalledtogether,pavingthewayformorecomplexbiologicalprocessorsinthefuture.

InSeptember2011,theUnitedStates,usingbiologicalcomputerstodestroycancercells

Thisbiologicalcomputercanenterhumancells.Throughlogicalcombinationanalysisoffivetumor-specificmolecules,specificcancercellsareidentified,whichtriggersthedestructionprocessofcancercells.Thisachievementlaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofspecificanti-cancertreatments.

InJuly2011,Israelusedabiologicalcomputertodetectavarietyofdifferenttypesofmolecules

Thistypeofbiologicalcomputercanautomaticallydetectavarietyofdifferenttypesofmoleculesatthesametime,whichcanbeusedtodiagnosediseases,Controlthereleaseofdrugsandrealizetheintegrationofdiagnosisandtreatment.

In2009,theUnitedStatesdevelopedabacterialcomputerusingE.coli

Thisbacterialcomputercansolvecomplexmathematicalproblems.Andthespeedismuchfasterthananysilicon-basedcomputer.

In2007,intheUnitedStates,aDNAcomputerwasusedtorealizetheRNAinterferencemechanism

ThiskindofDNAcomputercanperformbasiclogicworkandcanbeappliedtoartificiallyculturedkidneycells.ScientistsintroducesinglesiRNAmoleculesfromotherspeciesintocells,andtheDNAcomputercanturnoffthetargetgenethatcompilesacertainfluorescentprotein.

In2006,theUnitedStatesusedaDNAcomputertoquicklyandaccuratelydiagnoseavianinfluenzavirus

ThisDNAcomputercandetectWestNilevirusandavianinfluenzavirusfasterandmoreaccurately,andothersdisease.

In2005,IsraelusedaDNAcomputertorun1billionprogramsdesignedbyDNAsoftwaremolecules

ThisDNAcomputerusesnewsolutionprocessingtechnologyandothertechnologies,andcanrun10HundredsofmillionsofprogramsdesignedwithDNAsoftwaremoleculeshavethepotentialtodetectabnormalmessengerRNAsincellsrelatedtomanytypesofcancer.Provideinformationforcancerdiagnosis.

In2004,China,thefirstDNAcomputercameoutatShanghaiJiaotongUniversity

ThiskindofDNAcomputerisimprovedonthebasisoftheDNAcomputeroftheWeizmannInstituteinIsrael.,Includingsimultaneousdetectionofinputandoutputmoleculeswithtwo-colorfluorescentlabels,real-timemonitoringofautomaticoperationprocesswithsequencer,anduseofmagneticbeadsurfacereactionmethodtosolidifythereactiontoimprovecontrollabilityoperationtechnology,etc.,whichcancompletethesimulationtoacertainextentThefunctionofanelectroniccomputertoprocess0,1signals.

In2003,intheUnitedStates,theworld'sfirstinteractiveDNAcomputerthatcanplaygamescameout

ThisDNAcomputermainlyusesbiochemicalenzymesasthebasisforcomputingsimplegames.

InFebruary2002,theDNAcomputerresearchwentfurther.Japan’sOlympus(Olympus)announcedthatthecompanyandtheUniversityofTokyohavejointlydevelopedtheworld’sfirstcomputerthatcanbetrulyputintocommercialapplications.DNAcomputer.TheDNAcomputertheydevelopedconsistsoftwoparts:molecularcomputingcomponentsandelectroniccomputercomponents.TheformerisusedtocalculatetheDNAcombinationofmoleculestoachievebiochemicalreactions,searchandscreenoutthecorrectDNAresults,andthelattercananalyzetheseresults.Accordingtoinformation,itwillbeofficiallyputintocommercialapplicationthisyear.

InNovember2001,Israeliscientistssuccessfullydevelopedtheworld'sfirstDNAcomputer.Itsoutput,input,softwareandhardwareareallcomposedofDNAmoleculesthatstoreandprocessencodedinformationinlivingorganisms.Thecomputerisonlythesizeofadropofwater,relativelyprimitive,andtherearenorelatedapplications,butthisistheembryonicformofthefutureDNAcomputer.Thefollowingyear,theresearchersmadeimprovements,andtheGuinnessBookofWorldRecordscalledit"thesmallestbiologicalcomputingdevice."

In2000,Israel,theworld'sfirstDNAcomputercameout

Thisistheworld'sfirstDNAcomputer,whichcansolvesomerelativelycomplexcalculationproblems.Ithadnopracticaluseatthetime,butitrepresentedthattheDNAcomputerhadsteppedoutoftheeraofsciencefictionandbecameatechnologythatwasjustemerginginreality.

In2000,scientistsattheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisontookanimportantstepinsimplifyingandscalingupthistechnology.TheytookatesttubedifferentfromthatperformedbyAdlermanandotherpioneers.Intheexperiment,theDNAwasfixedonagold-platedglassslide(aDNAchip).OtherresearchershopetoreturnDNAcomputingtechnologytolivingcells.IntheUK,somescientistshavecarriedoutresearchonsimulatingcomputerlogiccircuitsinsidegeneticallymodifiedcells.

In1994,intheUnitedStates,theDNAcomputerconceptwasfirstproposed

ScientistsusedatesttubecontainingspecialDNAtosolvethefamous"salesmanproblem":therearencities,Asalesmanwantstostartfromoneofthesecities,travelthroughallthecities,andthenreturntothecitywherehestarted,seekingtheshortestroute.Atthattime,evenifthefastestsemiconductorwasusedtocalculatethisproblem,ittookatleasttwoyears.However,ittookonly7daysforscientiststouseDNAcalculations,whichwasbreathtakingandopenedupaneweraofDNAcomputerresearch.

InNovember1994,AmericancomputerscientistL.Adleman(LeonardM.Adleman)solvedaveryfamousprobleminanextraordinaryway—DNAapproach—HamiltondirectlyTheroadserviceproblemiscommonlyknownasthe"salesmantravelproblem".Thebasiccontentis:supposeasalespersonmustsellproductstoeverycityhepassesthrough,butinordertosavetime,hecanonlygothrougheachcityonce,thepathcannotberepeated,andthepathistheshortest,andthisproblemistoletyoudothisThesalesmandesignssuchapath.

Asthenumberofcitiesincreases,theproblemwillbecomemoreandmoredifficult.Asthedifficultyincreases,morepowerfulcomputingpowerisrequiredtosearchforthecorrectpath,andeventuallyitwillbesocomplicatedthatitrequirestheuseofthemostadvancedsupercomputers.Whenthenumberofcitiesreacheshundredsofcities,eventhefastestsupercomputerswillbe"excited"andtheamountofcalculationcanbeimagined.However,withDNAcomputing,theproblemissolved.

ProfessorAdlermanwasinspiredbytheexpressionofDNAmolecularinformation.HecleverlyusedDNAsinglestrandstorepresenteachcityandtheroadbetweencities,andcodedthesequence;inthisway,eachroad"The"stickyends"willbeconnectedtothetwocorrectcitiesaccordingtothebiochemicalrulesofDNAcombination.Then,hemixedthecopiesoftheseDNAstrandsinatesttubeandconnectedtheminvariouspossiblecombinations.Afteraseriesofbiochemicalreactionsforacertainperiodoftime,hewasabletofindtheonlyanswertotheproblem,thatis,onlythrougheachblock.TheshortestDNAchaininthecityatatime.

Scientistsbelievethatduetomaterialsizelimitationsinthesiliconindustry,traditionalelectronictechnologieswillreachtheirphysicallimitssometimeafter2020.Therefore,itisofextraordinarysignificancetoseeknewalternativetechnologies.AlthoughAdlerman'sexperimentonlysolvedtheproblemof7cities,thesolutionofthisproblembrokethroughthesizelimitofcrystallinesiliconmaterials,makingiteasytosolveproblemsthatweredifficultorimpossibletosolvewithtraditionalcalculationmethodsbefore.,Createdaprecedentforcomputingatthemolecularlevelandbecameamilestoneinthefieldofmolecularcomputing.

Adlerman’ssuccesshasattractedgreatattentionfromscientistsfromallovertheworld.In1995,morethan200relevantexpertsfromvariouscountriesfurtherdiscussedthefeasibilityofDNAcomputers.Undertheaction,acertaingeneticcodecanbetransformedintoanothergeneticcodethroughabiochemicalreaction.Thegeneticcodebeforethetransformationcanbeusedasinputdata,andthegeneticcodeafterthereactioncanbeusedastheresultofthecalculation.Usingthisprocesscanmakeanewtypeofbiologicalcomputer.DNAcomputingtechnologyisconsideredtobethemaincandidatetechnologyamongvariousnewtechnologiesthatreplacetraditionalelectronictechnology.

DNAcomputerhasbecomeoneoftheresearchhotspotsofresearchersinmanycountriesintheworld,andbreakthroughshavebeenmade,butitismainlyinthestageoftheoreticalresearchandapplicationexploration.

Applicationprospects

Uniqueadvantages

FutureDNAcomputershaveuniqueapplicationsinthefieldsofresearchlogic,codedeciphering,geneticprogramming,preventionandtreatmentofdifficultdiseases,andaerospaceTheadvantagesofcurrentelectroniccomputersarebeyondreach,andtheapplicationprospectsareveryoptimistic.Forexample,theemergenceofDNAcomputershasmadeitpossibletodevelopcomputersthatoperateinthehumanbodyandcells.Itcanactasamonitoringdevicetodetectpotentialdisease-causingchanges,anditcanalsosynthesizethenecessarydrugsinthehumanbodytotreatcancerandtheheart.Diseases,arteriosclerosisandotherdifficultdiseases,evenintherestorationofblindpeople’svision,willalsoshowtheirtalents.

Human-machineintegration

ItiscompletelyconceivablethatonceDNAcomputingtechnologyisfullymature,thenthereal"human-machineintegration"willberealized.BecausethebrainitselfisanaturalDNAcomputer,aslongasthereisaninterface,theDNAcomputercandirectlyacceptthecommandofthehumanbrainthroughtheinterfaceandbecomeanextensionorexpansionpartofthehumanbrain,anditsupplementsenergybyabsorbingnutrientsfromhumancells.,Withoutexternalenergysupply.LiketheimplantationofDNA-basedartificialsmartchipsintothebraininsciencefiction,thefutureisassimpleasvaccination.Undoubtedly,theemergenceofDNAcomputerswillbringaqualitativeleaptohumancivilization,bringhugechangestotheentireworld,andhaveinfinitelybeautifulapplicationprospects.

Levellimitation

However,duetothelimitationofthecurrentlevelofbiotechnology,theDNAcalculationprocessrequiresconsiderablecostWorkload.Forexample,Adlerman’s“test-tubecomputer”cangetresultsinafewseconds,buthespendsweekspickingthecorrectresults.Also,ifthenumberofcitiesintheexperimentisincreasedto200,theweightofDNArequiredforcalculationwillexceedtheweightoftheearth.Inaddition,hundredsofmillionsofDNAmoleculesareverycomplex,andtheyarepronetodeteriorationanddamageduringthereactionprocess,andfatalerrorsmayevenoccurwhenadsorbedonthetesttubewall.Therefore,itwilltaketimeforDNAcomputerstotrulyenterreallife.

Currently,scientistsinmanycountriesintheworld,includingmycountry,areactivelyovercomingandsolvingtheabove-mentionedproblems.Itisexpectedthatin10to20years,DNAcomputerswillenterthepracticalstage.

Derivativedisciplines

DNAlogicgates,DNAfragments

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