Domov technika American Film Institute

American Film Institute



Introduction

MPAA(MOTIONPICTUREASSOCIATIONOFAMERICA)MPAA'sfullnameis"TheMotionPictureAssociationofAmerica"​​or"MotionPictureAssociationofAmerica",headquarteredinCalifornia(Encino,California).Thisorganizationwasestablishedin1922andfirstappearedasatradingorganizationinthefilmindustry.Todayitisinvolvedinnotonlymoviesshownintheaters,butalsohomevideoandothertransmissionsystemsthatmayappearinthefuture.

InMay2018,hewasselectedasthefirstmemberoftheFilmFestivalCommitteeoftheInternationalFilmProducersAssociation.

Rating

G-level

(GENERALAUDIENCESAllagesadmitted):Popularlevel,allagescanwatch,andthemoviecontentofthislevelcanbeacceptedbyparents,Thefilmhasnonudity,sexscenes,druguseandviolencescenesareveryfew.Dialogueisalsofrequentlyencounteredindailylife;

PGlevel

(PARENTALGUIDANCESUGGESTEDSomematerialmaynotbesuitableforchildren):generalcounselinglevel,somecontentmaynotbesuitableforchildrenSomescenesmaybeuncomfortablewhenviewedbychildren.Itisrecommendedtowatchthemwiththeirparents-therearebasicallynoscenesofsex,drugabuseandnudityinthislevelofmovies,evenifthereisashorttime,inaddition,thehorrorandviolencesceneswillnotexceedthemoderateScope;

PG-13level

(PARENTSSTRONGLYCAUTIONEDSomematerialmaybeinappropriateforchildrenunder13):specialcounselinglevel,notsuitableforchildrenunder13yearsold,childrenunder13yearsoldItisespeciallynecessarytobeaccompaniedbyparentstowatch.Somecontentisnotsuitableforchildren-moviesofthisleveldonothavecrudeandpersistentviolencescenes,generallytherearenonudescenes,andsometimestherearedrugscenesandswearwords;

Rgrade

(RESTRICTEDUnder17requiresaccompanyingparentoradultguardian):Restrictedlevel,under17yearsoldmustbeaccompaniedbyaparentorguardiantowatch-thisleveloffilmcontainsadultcontent,whichcontainsmoresexandviolence,Drugabuseandotherscenesandswearwords;

NC-17level

(NOONE17ANDUNDERADMITTED):17yearsoldoryoungercannotwatch:moviesofthislevelareclassifiedasadultmovies,Minorsarefirmlyprohibitedfromwatching.Thereareclearsexscenes,alotofdrugorviolentscenes,andswearwordsinthefilm.

Otherratings

HongKong

HongKongimplementsathree-tierfilmsystem:

LevelI:suitableViewedbypeopleofanyage

LevelII:subdividedintoLevelIIA(notsuitableforchildren)andLevelIIB(notsuitableforteenagersandchildren)

LevelIII:Onlypeopleaged18orabovecanwatchit

Taiwan

Generallevel,anyagecanwatchit.

Protectionlevel,notavailableunder6yearsold.

Tutoringlevel,notavailableunder12yearsold.

Restrictedlevel,notavailableunder18yearsold.

UK

"U"level:normallevel-suitableforallaudiences.Inthislevelofprograms,onlylightswearinglanguagesuchas"damn"(damn)and"hell"(damnit,bastard)canonlybeusedoccasionally,andothermildswearinglanguages​​arerarelyused;

"PG"level:Parentalguidancelevel;

"12A"leveland"12"level:suitableforyoungpeopleover12yearsoldtowatch;

Class"15":Suitableformatureaudiencesover15yearsold;

Class"18":Suitableforviewingbyadultsover18yearsoldandadults.

MainlandChina

Noratingsystemfornow

Specialrating

NRORU:NRisanunratedmovie.AndUisratedformoviesbefore1968.

M,XORP:Themoviesatthislevelarebasicallynotsuitableforpublicityinthetheaters,andtheyallfallintotherestrictedcategory.

Itsmembers

ThemainmembersoftheAmericanMotionPictureAssociationarethechairmanandpresidentsofthebigsevenfilmandtelevisionindustrymediagiantsintheUnitedStates(sixexceptDreamWorksThemoviecompanyisalsoknownasBigSix),including:

1,TheWaltDisneyCompany

2,SonyPicturesEntertainment(formerlyColumbia,acquiredbySonyforUS$3.4billionin1989))

3,Paramount

4,UniversalMovies

5,WarnerBros.

(MGM,2005SonywithdrewfromMPAAafterthefailedacquisition)

6,NetflixNetflix

(20thCenturyFoxwasofficiallyacquiredbyDisneyonMarch20,2019for$71.3billion,thepatternofHollywoodFromthe“originalsix”tothe“newsix”)

Commercialactivities

TheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericahopestorevisetheU.S.copyrightlawandcriminallawthroughpoliticallobbyingtoprotectthebusinessinterestsofitsmembersthegoalof.Italsostronglysupportstheimprovementofdigitalrightsmanagementtechnology:somepeoplethinkthatthesetechnologiesonthecontraryinfringetherightsofusers,butothersthinkthatthebalancebetweenconsumerdemandandartistrightscanbewellmaintained.

TheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericahasmadegreateffortstobanmoviefilesharingwebsites.InAprilandMay2005,twolargewebsitesthatprovideBTservers,lokitorrentsandelitetorrents,announcedthattheywereforcedtobanthembecausetheyallowedtheillegaldisseminationofcopyrightedimagefiles.

OnOctober28,2013,theVoiceofAmericaradiowebsitereportedthattheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericasubmittedtotheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentativeaworldwideillegaldistributionoffilmsandTVprogramsinaccordancewiththenoticeoftheOfficeoftheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentativeonSeptember30Listofnotoriousmarkets.ThenoticefromtheOfficeoftheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentativerequirestheU.S.industrytoputforwardalistofinfringersfornon-periodicreviewsofthespecial301notoriousmarket.

FormerSenatorChristopherDodd,ChairmanandCEOoftheMotionPictureAssociationofAmerica,saidthattheUSfilmandtelevisionindustryisanimportantemployerintheUnitedStates,providing2millionjobsandhundredsofbillionsofdollarsinThetotalwagesandthebadbehaviorsintheseoverseasmarketsonthelistsubmittedbytheAssociationnotonly“causeharmtothosewhoworkhardtoproducemoviesandTVprogramsthataudienceslove,butalsoendangertheirmulti-billiondollarcontributiontotheUSeconomy.”

InalettersenttoStanMcCoy,AssistantTradeRepresentativeforIntellectualPropertyandInnovationAffairs,MichaelO'Leary,ExecutiveVicePresidentoftheMotionPictureAssociationofAmerica,saidthatin2011,AmericanfilmandtelevisionserviceswereexportedtotheworldTheproductrevenueof14.3billionU.S.dollars,anincreaseof5overthepreviousyear,isoneofthefewindustriesintheUnitedStatesthathasatradesurplus.Theassociation’smoviesandTVshowsaredistributedinmorethan140countriesaroundtheworld.

ThelistsubmittedbytheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaonOctober25includesinfringersontheInternetandphysicalmarkets.TheInternetnotorietymarketincludespeer-to-peertwo-waytransmission,filesharinganddownloadsites,sitesthatfocusondownloadingandonlineplayback,andsitesthatclassifyinfringingprogramsandprovidesystematiclinks.TheChinesewebsitesincludedinthenotoriousmarketlistincludeKuaibo,Xunlei,andRenrenTV.OthersarescatteredinEasternEuropeancountriessuchasUkraine,Estonia,CzechRepublic,Romania,etc.,aswellasCanada,Russia,Sweden,Germany,theNetherlands,BrazilandArgentina.

Relatednews

OnAugust21,2017,amembercompanyoftheAmericanMotionPictureAssociationsuedShenzhenXunleiNetworkTechnologyCo.,Ltd.forcopyrightinfringementanddeclaredvictory.ShenzhenNanshanDistrictPeople’sCourtruledShenzhenXunleiNetworkTechnologyCo.,Ltd.compensatedthemembercompaniesoftheAmericanFilmAssociationforvariouslossestotaling1.4millionyuan.

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