Nom du pays
TheRussianEmpirewasthenameofRussiafrom1721to1917.AccordingtotheviewpointsofthemainstreamschoolsofRussiaandtheworld, theRussianTsaristStatewasthetitleofRussiafrom1547to1721.In1721, PeterIwasawardedthetitleof "EmperorofAllRussia" bytheRussianSenateafterhisvictoryintheGreatNorthernWarwithSweden., Officiallycalledtheemperor, sincethentheofficialcountrynameofRussiahasbeenthe "Empire russe", andthetitleof "RussianTsar (César)" hasalsobecomethe "EmperorofRussia".
Histoire
Histoire ancienne
TheancestorsoftheRussiannationareabranchoftheEasternSlavswhogrewupintheplainsofEasternEurope.TheRussiannationisanationthatisgoodatmobility, andSolovyovcalledita "liquidfactor." AsamemberoftheEasternSlavs, theearlyRussianslivedonthevasteasternEuropeanplainsfromtheDniesterRiverinthewest, theDnieperRiverintheeast, andthenorthernbankoftheBlackSea.Thegeneralgeographyofthislandis: forestsandswampsareinterlaced, riversarecrisscross, thesoilismainlysandyclay, anditisfarawayfromtheoceanandconnectedtotheprairie.
Au début de l'ère chrétienne, les Slaves de l'Est conservaient toujours le système clanique, et chaque tribu était composée de plusieurs clans.
TheancientRuscountrywasformedintheinlandplainsandforestareasofeasternEuropeattheendofthe9thcentury.In862, RurikruledNovgorod.In882, Rurik'srelatives, GrandDukeOlegoftheNovgorodPrincipality, conqueredthePrincipalityofKievandsomeothertribes, andgraduallyestablishedacountrycenteredonKiev (knownasKievanRusinhistory) andobtainedthetitleofGrandDukeofKiev.Latersuccessorsinclude: Igor (912-945), Olga (Igor'swife945-962); Sviatoslav (965-973); VladimirKingI (reignedfrom978to1015 ),lepaysaconnuundéveloppementetuneévolutiondelarègleautocratique(862à1132)àlapériodedelanoblessegouvernéeparlefief.
In1237, theMongolianempire, foundedbythenomadicMongolianswhoroseontheMongoliansteppeinnortheasternAsia, invadedtheNortheastRusofnortheasternEurope, capturedRyazan, andcapturedKievin1240.TheseparatismoftheprincesandtheriseofthePrincipalityofMoscow.TheGrandDukeofMoscowIvanKalida (1325-1340) wasawardedthetitleofGrandDukeofVladimirandAll-russe, knownas "Ivani" inhistory.ItssuccessorisIvanII (reignedfrom1341to1359).
DukeDimitriDonskoy, whoreignedfrom1359to1389, ledtheRussianPrincipalitiestodefeattheMongolianGoldenHordeforthefirsttimeandachievedtemporaryindependence.Butsoon, Independencewascancelled.In1380, DukeDmitry (reignedfrom1359to1389) ledhisarmytodefeattheMongolianarmyintheDonRiverPlain, andwashonoredasDmitryDonskoy (alsoknownas "DmitryoftheDon") TherearealsoprincesofMoscow. VasilyI (1389-1425), therelationshipwiththeGoldenHordehasbeengoodandbad, andconflictsoccurfromtimetotime.Atthistime, thePrincipalityofMoscowmergedwithneighboringRussianPrincipalitiesandcontinuedtoaccumulatestrength.ThePrincipalityofMoscowbegantopossessthestrengthofnationalindependence.VasilyII (reigned1425-1462 ),IvanIII(règne1462-1505).
Laformationdelanation
IvanIII(règnede1462à1505)ajouéunrôlehistoriqueénorme.
OnMay29,1453, aftertwoyearsofsiege, MohammedIIcapturedConstantinople (Istanbul), andtheEasternRomanEmperorConstantineXIdiedinbattle.TheEasternRomanEmpirefell.SophiaPaleorog, thenieceofthelastEasternRomanEmperorConstantineXI, marriedIvanIII, theGrandDukeofRussia, andbecamethesecondwifeofIvanIII.SophiaPaleorogandThesonofIvanIIIofRussiasucceededtothethroneandbecameVasilyIII, andsincethenhehascalledhimselfthethird "Rome".
In1472, hemarriedSophiaPaleorog, thenieceofthelastemperoroftheByzantineEmpire, ConstantineXI, ashiswife.In1480, duringthebattlewithAhmadKhan, hewasgreedyforfear.ThedeadIvanIIIranaway, buttheRussianarmystillinsistednottoretreat.Duetothecoldweather, AhmadKhanretreatedwithoutafight.IvanIIIheardthattheMongol-Tatararmyhadretreated, andonlythepeoplearoundhimwerethere.Persuadedtoreturntothefrontlineandpickedupavictory, sohestoppedpayingtributetotheGoldenHorde, endingtwoandahalfcenturiesofMongolrule, andtheGrandDuchyofMoscowbecameindependent.Inthelate15thcentury, MoscowgraduallycirculatedasayingthatthePrincipalityofMoscowwasthesuccessoroftheByzantineEmpireandthatMoscowwas "thethirdandpermanentRome." IvanIIIalsoreferredtohimselfas "царь" twiceinthedocument , mais n'a jamais osé s'appeler officiellement le tsar.
In1497, IvanIIIpromulgatedthecode (nommé Soudebnik), whichinitiallyestablishedthegovernmentinstitutionsoftheGrandDuchyofMoscow.Inthiscode, thedouble-headedeagleofByzantiumisstipulatedasthenationalemblemofRussia.Inthesameyear, agildeddouble-headedeagleemblemwasplacedontheSpasskayachamberoftheKremlin.Russiahasobtainedasymbolofitsowncountry.Alsointhiscode, healsorestrictedthemovementofpeasants, stipulatingthatonlyduringthetwoweeksbeforeandafterSt.Yuri'sDay (November26intheRussiancalendar), peasantscouldleavethelandandmovearound, openinguptheserfdomofthePrincipalityofMoscow.process.
VasilyIIIIvanovich, sonofIvanIIIandSofia.TheGrandDukeofMoscow.Inheritthefather'spolicyandstrivetounifyRussia.ThePrincipalityofPskovwasannexedin1510, andthePrincipalityofRyazanwasannexedin1521, whichroughlycompletedtheunificationoftheprincipalitiesofNortheastRussia.Soitwasdeclaredthat "mywillisthewillofGod", nonoblesandprinceswereallowedtoparticipateinpolitics, andallproblemswereresolvedinanautocraticmanner.Duringthisperiod, quelqu'un (themonkPhiloffee) madeatributetotheGrandDuke, sayingthat "MoscowisthethirdRomeandwillalwaysprosper", praisingthiskindofauthoritarianrule.Severepenaltiesareimposedonopponentsofecumenicalpolitics.Therefore, NeilScheusky, MaximGlerk, etc. causé des difficultés. En matière de politique étrangère, les échanges avec le Khanat de Crimée et le Khanat de Kazan, séparés de la Horde d'Or, sont progressivement revenus à l'ordre du jour. La guerre contre la Lituanie a également été intermittente.
CouronnementduTsar
IvanIVVasilyevich, thesonofVasilyIIIandYelenaGrinskaya.Hetookthethroneattheageofthree, andhismotherwastemporarilyregent, butsufferedfromthebrutalityofthenobles.CrownedastheTsarin1547, Russiabeganitsforeignexpansionpolicy.Withthesupportofthefeudallordclass, aspecialmeetingwasestablishedin1549tocompileanewcodetoreformthelocalandcentralpolitical, administratives, économiques, andmilitary, especiallymilitaryreforms, tomakeRussiastronger, itbrokeallthepowerofthelordgovernmentoverthetsarRestrictions, whiletheformerecumenicalpowerswereverysmall, andsubjecttomanyrestrictionsbythelords, IvanIVeliminatedthelords'regime, establishedatsaristregime, combatedlocalseparatistforces, andunifiedRussia, afterthemilitarybecamestrong, hebegantoexpandabroad.TheKazanKhanatewasdestroyedintheexpeditionfrom1547to1552, et le Khanat d'Astrakhan fut annexé en 1556. En 1557, le Khanat de Sibérie se rendit également à Ivan.
DuringIvanIV, Russiabegantobecomeamulti-ethniccountry.TheCrimeanKhanatewassmashedin1572.ThedestructionoftheKazanKhanatewasamajorturningpointinthehistoryofRussia.ItmarkedthatfromnowontheRussianpowerwasstrongerthantheMongolTatars.ThedestructionofKazanchangedthepowerbalancebetweentheRussiansandtheMongolTatars, crushedtheKrim.Significantly, theCrimeanKhanatewasthewhipofOttomanTurkey.Atthattime, theshadowofOttomanTurkey'sadvancingaggressionenvelopedtheentireEasternEuropeancontinent, andthesmashingoftheCrimeanKhanatemadeitimpossibleforOttomanTurkeytoruleRussiaandEasternEurope.TheroadtoSiberia.
Profitant de l'opportunité du navire britannique d'ouvrir la route du nord, Ivan commença à explorer le raccourci vers l'Europe de l'Ouest.
IthasaprofoundinfluenceinthehistoryofRussia.ThemythsandlegendsaboutIvantheTerriblearenumerousinRussia, andtheyarestillwidelycirculatedinthepresentage.Heisanoutstandingpolitician, militarystrategist, diplomate, andwriter, andamodelofthecountry'sphilosophicalwisdom, butheisalmostalunatic.AlthoughIvanisawise, wiseandcapablemonarch, ontheotherhand, hehasstrongsuspicionincharacter, soexcited, cruel, andseverelysuppressingthenobles.Inarage, theeldestson, PrinceIvan, wasbeatentodeathwithastick, whichmadepeoplefeelparticularlyhorrifiedandterrified.Thenickname "Leidi" camefromthis.
In1547, IvanIVproclaimedhimself "Tsar" .SincetheRurikDynasty, hiscapitalhasbeenMoscow, andhiscountryhasbeencalledRussia.Fedor, thesonofIvanIV, hadnochildren, andafterhisdeath, theLurikdynastybecameextinct.TheAll-RussianMeetingofJinGentryelectedGotonovastheRussianTsar.HeinheritedthelegacyofIvantheTerrible, stoppedthewarwithPoland, launchedawartoSwedeninthenorth, andexpandedtheBalticSeamouth.EastwardcontinuedtoinvadetheSiberianKhanate, whiletheSouthfoughttheCrimeanKhanateandbuiltaseriesoffortifiedcities.HepromotedtheprocessofserfdominRussia, stipulatingthatifafreepersonworkedforanotherpersonformorethansixmonths, hewouldbecomeaslavetothatperson.Itwasalsoannouncedthattheperiodforhuntingdownfugitiveserfswasfiveyears.SerfuprisingscontinuedinRussiaattheendofthereign.Diedin1605 .Fedora est monté sur le trône et a été bientôt tué par les insurgés.
Theperiodfrom1605to1613wasaperiodofvacancyinRussianhistory.In1591, thehalf-brotherofRussianTsarFedorIvanovich, Dimitri, whohadtherighttothethrone, wassecretlykilledbyBorisGodonov.In1604, amanwhoclaimedtobeDimitriappearedandwassupportedbyKingSigismundIIIofPoland.In1605, Godonov'sson, FedorII, waskilledandDimitricametothethrone, knowninhistoryas "pseudoTsarDimitri" ou "pseudoDimitri" .Duetoapro-Polishpolicy, thepseudo-dimitriangeredthegreatRussianaristocracy.UndertheleadershipofthegreatnoblemanVasilyShuysky, DimitriwaskilledandShuyskybecamethethrone, knownasVasilyIV (1606-1610) .In1607, anotherpseudo-dimitriappeared, onceagainsupportedbyPoland.In1610, afterthePolisharmydefeatedtheRussian-SwisscoalitionattheBattleofKrušino, theycapturedMoscowandShuyskywaskilled.Thistime, SigismundwantedhissonWadislavtoinheritthethroneofRussia, butlaterchangedhismindandwantedtoserveastheRussiantsar.ButthePolishinvaderswereexpelledin1612byanarmycalledbyPozharskiandotherRussiannobles.
Aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, les races de la Volga, de l'Oural et de la Sibérie ont successivement rejoint la Russie, ce qui en fait un pays multiethnique.
L'établissementdel'empire
En 1613, THEALL-RussianConferenceofGentry (zemskysobor) announcedthat17 ans oldMikhailRomanovwasmadetsar, andtheRomanovdynastybegan.RussiastartedasasmallcountrynearMoscow, anditsempirestatuswasnotrecognizedbyEurope.WhenPeterIbecametheTsar, hebegantofightagainsttheIslamicTatarandOttomanempiresinordertoprotectthebordersoftheSouth.InordertocontinuethewarwiththeOttomanEmpire, PeterbegantosearchforalliesinEuropeandlearnWesternscienceandtechnology.HevisitedBrandenburg (Prusse), theNetherlands, theUnitedKingdom, andtheHolyRomanEmpire (Autriche) .InAugust1689, PeterIwasofficiallyinpower.
PetertheGreat(3photos)
PeterIbegantoreformfromchanginglifecustoms.InordertomaketheRussianslookmorelikeWesternEuropeans, hepersonallycutoffthelongbeardsofthenobleswhocametoseehimontheseconddayafterreturninghome, andsoondeclaredthatthiswastheobligationofthepeopleofthewholecountry.PeteralsoThelong-usedcalendarinRussiawasabolished, andthecalendarcommonlyusedinmostEuropeancountrieswasreplacedonJanuary1,1700.PeterintroducedmanyculturalelementsfromWesternEurope, themostprominentofwhichwasthedevelopmentofeducationinRussia.HepersonallyhiredseveralBritishprofessorstorunandteachinRussia, andinJanuary1701establishedthefirstsecularschoolinRussianhistoryinMoscow .-- MathematicsandNavigationSchool.Sincethen, Peterhasfoundedmanyschools.PeterIbelievedthatmoneywasthelifebloodofwar.AfterreturningfromWesternEurope, heimmediatelycarriedoutcurrencyreformsbasedonBritishexperience, andbegancirculatingnewcurrencyinRussiain1700.Healsocleverlysetupaname, andinjustafewyears, hedoubledvarioustaxes.AfterthestartoftheNorthernWar, theRussianarmywasdefe lors de la bataille de Narva le 19 novembre 1700. Cela a forcé Peter à accélérer les réformes pour renforcer la puissance militaire de la Russie.InordertoincreaseopportunitiesforcommunicationwiththeWestandfindRussia'saccesstotheBalticSea, PetertrucewiththeOttomanEmpirein1700anddeclarewaronSweden, oneofthestrongestcountriesinEuropeatthetime.InNarvaontheGulfofFinland, theSwedisharmyprovedthattheRussianarmywasnottheiropponentatall.Fortunately, SwedenwascaughtinthestruggleforthePolishthroneatthistime.Duringthisrespite, Peterbuiltanewwesternizedarmy.PeterIsteppeduptorecruitnewsoldiers, andimplementedacompulsorymilitaryservicefollowingthemodelofWesterncountries.PeterIalsobeganpreparationsfortheconstructionoftheBalticFleetwiththeparticipationoftheBritish; henotonlybuiltshipsinChina, butalsoinstructedtheambassadortotheUnitedKingdomtobuyshipsintheUnitedKingdomonmanyoccasions.WhenthetwoarmiesmetagaininPoltavain1709, RussiadefeatedSweden.Attheendofthe1790s, theexplorerJohnPatekulsuccessfullyformedanalliancebetweenRussia, DenmarkandSaxonythroughtheTreatyofPreobrazhenskoye, andthethreecountrieslaunchedtheBattleofNorthernRussiain1700.AftertheNorthernWar De 1700 à 1721, la Russie obtient l'accès à la mer Baltique depuis le Royaume de Suède, faisant passer la Russie d'un pays enclavé à un pays côtier.
Après 1712, le tsar russe Pierre a déplacé sa capitale à Saint-Pétersbourg (la ville a été rebaptisée Pétrograd pendant la Première Guerre mondiale) pour avoir un aperçu du continent européen.
PrendrepiedenEuropeoccidentale
TheeraofCatherineIIcanbesaidtobethesecondstrongestperiodoftheRussianEmpire.TheempirehasgainedconsiderablenewterritoryintheSouthandtheWest.CatherineII, formerlynamedSophiaFrederickAugust, wasaprincessborninafamilyoffallenaristocratsinGermany.In1744, hewaselectedthewifeofPeterIIIofRussiaandlaterbecametheQueenofRussia.AttheendofJune1762, CatherineIIoverthrewherincompetenthusbandthroughacourtcoupandascendedtothethroneofempress.
DuringEkaterina'sreign, theserfsystemseverelyhinderedthesocialandeconomicdevelopment, andhasbeguntodestroythegreataristocracyandbiglandlordclassbyitself.Mostpeopleinthecountrycalledfortheabolitionofserfdom.CatherineIIwasalsowellawareofthehindrancesofserfdomtothedevelopmentofRussiansociety, butinsteadofabolishingserfdom, shealsoadoptedaseriesofmeasurestoconsolidateserfdomandevenextendedserfdomtoUkraine, DonandVolga.TheriverbasinandthesouthernprovincesmadetheterritoryoftheRussianaristocracycontinuetoexpandandserfscontinuedtoincrease.Shealsopromulgatedtheedict "GivingfreedomtotheentirearistocraticclassinRussia", whichnotonlyexemptedthemfromtheirserviceresponsibilitiesandallowedthemtodirectlyinherithereditaryland, butalsogavethemunlimitedpowertodisposeofthepeasants, andeventheserfscouldbeboughtandsoldatwill.ThePugachevUprisingbrokeoutinRussiain1773.Unabletowithstandtheoppressionofthegreataristocratsandbiglandlords, thebroadmassesofpeasants, thelowerclassofcitizens, minersandsomeCossacksbrokeoutarevolu Ils s'opposèrent aux propriétaires terriens et au servage, mais confirmèrent que le tsar était un bon tsar et qu'il n'avait pas avancé de journaux contre le tsar.
In1768, theRussian-TurkishwarwiththeOttomanEmpire, thegreatIslamicfeudalempirethatspannedEurope, Asie, AfricaandtheBlackSeaandtheeasternMediterraneancoast, andwhichhadbeendominatingforcenturies.Itbrokeoutandendedin1774withthesigningoftheTreatyofLakeKanaka.Accordingtothistreaty, RussiagainedaccesstotheBlackSeathatoriginallybelongedtotheOttomanTurkEmpire, theCrimeanTartarwas "indépendant" fromtheOttomanEmpire, andEkaterinaannexedtheCrimeanKhanatein1783.
Après la fin de la guerre en 1792, la Russie étendit son pouvoir à la péninsule balkanique sous la Turquie ottomane ;
AsamajorEuropeancountry, après tout, theRussianEmpirewasinevitablyinvolvedintheNapoleonicWars.InJune1812, theFrenchEmperorNapoleonledanarmyof600,000toinvadeRussia.ThisforcewasmorethantwicethesizeoftheregularRussianarmyandwasmorewell-equipped.ButasNapoleonpushedforward, healsofacedtheproblemofover-expansion.RussiausedthestrategyoftheScorchedEarthWar, andNapoleonencounteredthecoldRussianwinter, whichcausedNapoleontosufferacatastrophicdefeat: "SaviorofEurope" lessthan30,000peoplecouldreturntotheirhomeland.AstheFrencharmyretreated, theRussianarmyadvancedtoCentralandWesternEurope, andfinallytothegateofParis.AftertheAnti-FrenchLeaguedefeatedNapoleon, EmperorAlexanderIwasregardedasthe InDecember1825, thenoblerevolutionariesheldanuprisinginPetersburg (c'est-à-dire que le soulèvement de décembre) a été réprimé.
Expansion de l'Est
Dès le XVIIe siècle, la Russie s'est activement étendue à l'Extrême-Orient et s'est heurtée à la dynastie chinoise des Qing.
En mai 1858, lorsque la Russie a utilisé les forces britanniques et françaises pour envahir la Chine, la Russie a menacé le gouvernement Qing de signer par la force le « traité d'Ahui » avec le Heilongjianga à la frontière.
D'autre part, la Russie tente également d'empiéter sur Sakhaline et les îles Kouriles pour concurrencer le Japon.
From1858to1911, RussiasuccessivelyforcedtheQinggovernmenttosignaseriesofunequaldelimitations, andcooperatedwiththeUnitedKingdomtodividethePamirregionofChinaprivatelytwice, dividinglargeareasofnortheastandnorthwestChina.Incorporatedintoitsterritory, instigatedtheseparationofOuterMongoliafromChina, andarmedinvadersofthe64thTuninJiangdong, Tangnuwulianghai (formallyincorporatedintoRussiain1944) andotherareas, intotal, lostmorethan3.3millionsquarekilometersofterritorytoChina.
Attheendofthe19thcentury, RussialeasedDalianfromtheQingcourtandestablishedtheGuandongPrefecture.RussiaalsoborrowedtheconstructionrightsoftheDongqingRailwaytofurtherinvadeInnerManchuria (thatis, thethreeeasternprovinces), withtheintentionofestablishingtheso-disant "YellowRussia" .TheaimwastotransformthevastanddenselypopulatedInnerManchuriaintoaRussiancolony.ThisistheultimategoaloftheRussianFarEaststrategy.AftertheGengzi-Russiandisasterin1900 (thatis, RussiajoinedtheEight-PowerAlliedForcestoinvadeChina, causeddiplomaticeventssuchastheHailanpaotragedy, theJiangdongSixty-fourTuntragedy, andlootedmanycitiesandtownsinInnerManchuria), theimplementationofthisstrategywasgreatlyaccelerated.ButbecauseRussiawasdefeatedbytheJapaneseEmpireintheRusso-JapaneseWarin1905, andarevolutionbrokeoutinitsowncountry, thestrategicplanbecameapicture .
La Russie a autrefois occupé des terres en Amérique du Nord en 1787, mais en 1867, elle les a vendues aux États-Unis, l'État contemporain de l'Alaska, pour 7,2 millions de dollars.
InCentralAsia, Russia'searliestactivityinCentralAsiawasintheeraofPetertheGreat, whenithadexpandedtotheKhanateofKhiva.AfterthedefeatoftheCrimeanWar.AttheinstigationofIgnacev, heexpandedtoCentralAsia.DepartfromtheAralSea.GotoKhivaKhanateandBukhara.Thesetwocountriesbecamesubjectstates.In1864, attackedKokandandTashkent.In1877, itoccupiedallofCentralAsia.TsaristRussiaalsoattemptedtoencroachonXinjiangbysupportingtheinvadersoftheKokandKhanate, Agubai, andsenttroopstocaptureIli.Finally, whenZuoZongtangdefeatedAgubaiandZengJizeresolutelynegotiated, il "à contrecœur" leftIli, butstilltriedtocutit.HehasleftmanyofChina'sterritoriesinXinjiang.
Réforme moderne
Au milieu du XVIe siècle, la Russie est devenue un pays féodal centralisé situé à la frontière orientale de l'Europe et de la moitié de l'Asie, et le servage féodal a prévalu.
Face à une grave crise, en 1861, l'empereur Alexandre II dut signer un décret pour abolir le servage. La loi stipule que les serfs sont des « hommes libres » dans la loi ;
Parce que l'abolition du servage a favorisé le développement du capitalisme, la Russie s'est développée en une puissance capitaliste moderne et est devenue un pays capitaliste moderne. Un tournant majeur pour le pays.
La chute de l'empire
ThefailureoftheRusso-JapaneseWarin1905greatlyincreasedthedissatisfactionofthepeoplewiththetsaristsystem.Alarge-scaleanti-warpetitiontookplaceinthecapitalPetrograd.Unauthorizedshootingbythemilitaryandpoliceresultedintheso-disant "BleedingSunday." Thisincidentbecamethefuseofthe1905All-RussianRevolution.Althoughtherevolutionwassuccessfullysuppressed, itseverelyshooktheczar'sauthority.Anditalsomakesreformimminent.SotheCzarusedStolypintocarryoutreforms.AfterStolypintookoffice, heimplementedalandreformsystemandseverelysuppressedthepeasantmovement.Althoughitwasquiteeffective, itwasapitythathestillfailedtofundamentallysolvesocialproblems.
En1914,laPremièreGuerremondialeéclatesurlecontinenteuropéen.LaRussierejoindralaBretagneetlaFrancepourrejoindrelecampalliépourdéclarerlaguerreàl'Allemagneetàl'Autriche.
AftertheFebruaryRevolutioninRussiain1917, Russiaestablishedabourgeoisinterimgovernment, whichcoexistedwiththeSovietsofWorkersandSoldiers'RepresentativesestablishedintheFebruaryRevolution.Thereforeitisabourgeoisdemocraticrevolution.TheRussianProvisionalGovernmentholdsthemainpower.Theinterimgovernmentofthebourgeoisiecontinuedtowageaworldwarregardlessofthelifeanddeathofthepeople, whicharousedstrongoppositionfromthepeople.TheyalsoarrestedandkilledBolsheviksonalargescale.TheBolshevikPartywasforcedtogounderground.Duetochangesinthesituation, theBolshevikPartydetermineditspolicyforanarmeduprisinginAugust.
OntheeveningofNovember6,1917, LeninsecretlycametotheSmolnyPalace, theheadquartersoftheuprisinginPetrograd, toleadtheuprising.At9: 45ontheeveningofNovember7,1917, followingseveralcannonsfromthewarship "Aurora" parkedneartheRussiancapitalPetrograd, theinsurgentsmovedtotheWinterPalace, thelaststrongholdofthebourgeoisprovisionalgovernment.Launchedatotaloffensive.Intheend, thearmeduprisingwasvictorious.ThisisthefamousRussian "OctoberRevolution" inhistory.
Territoire
Champ d'application
TheRussianEmpirecrossesthetwocontinentsofEuropeandAsia (acolonywasonceestablishedinAlaska, NorthAmericabetween1799and1856), withanareaof 22.88millionSquarekilometers (1914), slightlysmallerthanNorthAmericaandmuchlargerthanSouthAmerica.Itwasthesecondlargestcountryintheworldbyareaatthetime, secondonlytotheBritishEmpire.ItsterritoryextendsfromtheBeringStraitintheeast, encompassestheentireplainsofSiberiaandEasternEurope, andreachestheBalticSeainthewest., SouthtotheCaucasusMountains, theCaspianSeaandtheHinduKushMountains, acrosstheAmurRiver (Heilongjiang) andtheUssuriRivertofaceChina, onlandandLeeKorea (before1910), theJapaneseEmpire (after1905), Chine (Avant 1912, c'était l'Empire Qing, après 1912, c'était la République de Chine), l'Afghanistan, la Perse (Iran), l'Empire ottoman (Turquie), la Roumanie, l'Autriche-Hongrie, l'Empire allemand, la Suède, la Norvège et d'autres pays ou régions limitrophes.
La Russie a une vaste région, et les anciens lieux s'étendent sur dix fuseaux horaires (du deuxième arrondissement de l'Est au 12e arrondissement de l'Est).
ExceptfortheterritoriesoftheformerSovietrepublics (Russie, Ukraine, Biélorussie, Arménie, Azerbaïdjan, Géorgie, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Tadjikistan, Turkménistan, Ouzbékistan, Lituanie, Estonie, Lettonie, Moldavie) TheRussianEmpirebefore1917alsoincludedFinland (theGrandDuchyofFinland), Pologne, andthenortheasternregionsofTurkey'sArdahan, Artvin, de l'Oder, KarsandErzurumprovinces.Between1742and1867 ,L'Alaskaétaitégalementunterritoiredel'Empirerusse.
À la suite de la défaite de la Suède lors de la Grande Guerre du Nord, le traité de Haminaw a été attribué en septembre 1809 et la Finlande a été incorporée à l'Empire russe en tant que grand-duché autonome.
Divisions administratives
À ses beaux jours, la superficie des terres atteignait 22,88 millions de kilomètres carrés, la deuxième après l'Empire britannique et l'Empire mongol dans l'histoire de l'humanité.
La frontière politique de la partie européenne de la Russie est à peu près la même que la frontière naturelle de la plaine d'Europe orientale, mais elle occupe également le Royaume de conférence de Finlande et le Royaume de conférence de Pologne. Sa frontière nord atteint l'océan Arctique et les îles de l'océan Arctique.
Les montagnes de l'Oural de l'Empire russe sont le territoire de l'Asie du Nord à l'est, de la Sibérie et des prairies au sud.
Les parties asiatique et européenne de l'Empire russe sont délimitées par les montagnes de l'Oural, le fleuve Oural et la mer Caspienne et les montagnes du Caucase. La frontière sud atteint la rive sud-est de la mer Noire et les montagnes du Caucase.
États dépendants
ThevassalandprotectorstatesoftheRussianEmpire, includingtheBukharaKhanate, KhivaKhanateandTuvaafter1914 (TannouLianghai) Wait.TheAsianpartoftheRussianEmpireoccupies11provinces, 17districtsandoneautonomousregion (SakhalinIsland) .InadditiontoRussia, thereare8otherprovincesinFinlandand10provincesinPoland.TheEuropeanpartoftheRussianEmpirehas59provincesandonedistrict (theDonregion) .TheMinisterofWarhasjurisdictionovertheDonregion; theotherprovinceshavetheirowngovernorstomanagethelocalgovernment.
Enoutre, thereisusuallyasecretary-generalabovethegovernorsofseveralprovinces, andthesecretary-generalgenerallyhastheprivilegeofmobilizingtroopswithinhisjurisdiction.In1906, theRussianEmpirealreadyhadsecretary-generalsinFinland, Varsovie, Vilnius, Kiev, Moscou, andRiga.Thelargercities (St.Petersburg, Moscou, Odessa, Sébastopol, Kertch, Nikolaev, Rostov) alsohavetheirownmanagementsystemsindependentoftheprovinces; inthesecitiesThepoliceinspectorisequivalenttothegovernoroftheprovince.
Politique
Gouvernement
Gouvernement
Selon les archives de l'Annuaire de la généalogie de la famille royale européenne, l'Empire russe a mis en place en 1910 une monarchie constitutionnelle bourgeoise à la prussienne.
AftertheOctoberProclamationtoamendthelawandthebeginningoftheFirstReichDuma (April27,1906), theworddespotismwascarefullypreserved, butthepowerhasbeenturnedtoalimiteddegree.However, thiskindofregimehasnowaytobecomeameaningfulconstitutionbecauseitlacksparliamentaryunits.Butinfinitedictatorshiphasgivenaspaceforaself-limitingdictatorshipsystem.Whetheritwillbeapermanentdictatorshiporjustruleandactontheopinionsofthedictator, itwillonlyincreasetheconflictsbetweentheparties.So, AtPresent, theRussiangovernmentsystemisbestdefinedasasystemoflimitedmonarchpowerundertheautocraticemperor.
Le tsar
Pierre le Grand s'est renommé empereur en 1721 et s'est déclaré pour l'empereur de la Russie.
Les monarques russes ont toujours utilisé le titre de tsar de 1547 à 1721, mais par la suite ils ont toujours utilisé le nom d'empereur, mais ils étaient toujours appelés tsars sous la traduction chinoise à demi-ton et demi-sens.
ThepoweroftheemperorwasrestrictedbytworegulationsbeforetheOctoberDeclaration, thepurposeofwhichwastoprotecttheexistingsystem.PopePaulIbelievedthatboththeemperorandhisspousemustbemembersoftheOrthodoxChurchandmustabidebythePaulineLaws.ButonOctober17,1905, thesituationchanged, andtheemperorvoluntarilyrestrictedhislegislativepower.HebelievesthatnoproposalcanbepassedintolawwithouttheconsentoftheImperialDuma (afreelyelectedNationalAssembly) .Althoughalawrelatedtotheabove-mentionedmoralresponsibilityappearedonApril28,1906, andwasexpandedwiththeOrganicLaw, theemperorstillhadtherighttodissolvetheDuma, andhealsoexercisedthisright.
Cabinet
Sénat
Afin de réformer les institutions centrales, Pierre I a publié une ordonnance sur la formation du Sénat (Сенат) à la veille de son expédition en Turquie en février 1711.
Armoire Moderne
AccordingtothelawfromOctober18,1905, TheSupremeCounciltosupporttheTsarwasestablished, andinthenameoftheheadofgovernment, theRussianPrimeMinisterwasestablished.TheRussiangovernmentconsistsofallitsgovernmentdepartmentsandtheirministers.Theministersarelistedbelow: JudgeoftheRoyalCourt; MinisterofForeignAffairs; MinisterofWar; CommanderoftheNavy; MinisterofEconomy; MinisterofIndustryandCommerce (foundedin1905); StateAffairsMinister (includingsecurity, medicalcare, reviewandpublishing, postandcommunications, foreignterritorialaffairs, andstatistics); MinisterofAgriculture; MinisterofTransportation; MinisterofJustice; Ministre de l'Éducation.
Parlement
ParlementImpérial
Selonlaloipromulguéele20février1906,leParlementimpérialetlaDouméeImpériale ont fusionné dans la chambre haute législative, et le pouvoir législatif de l'Empereur ne peut désormais fonctionner normalement qu'en coopération avec les deux chambres.
Theimperialassemblyhas196seats, 98ofwhicharenominatedbytheemperor, andtheremaining98areelected, andtheprimeministerisalsooneofitsmembers.Regardingtheseelectedmembers, threeofthemarepriestsoftheGreekOrthodoxChurch, theotherthreearethewhitepriestsinchargeoftheparishorsecularoffice, theremaining18arenobles, 6aremembersofuniversitiesorscientificinstitutes, and6PeoplecamefromtheChamberofCommerce, 6peoplecamefromtheIndustrialBureau, 18peoplecamefromagovernmentwithalocalself-governmentbureau, theremaining16peopledidnot, and6peoplecamefromPoland.However, whenthelegislaturecooperatedwiththeDuma, theorganization'sproposalswererarelyimplemented.
Sénat
TheRussianSenate(Правительствующийсенат,PravitelstvuyushchiSenat,iedirectingorgoverningsenateThemembersof)areallappointedbytheTsar.Anditshugefunctioniscomposedofthepositionsofitsseparatedepartments.Itisthehighestinstitutionwithvetopower;itistheaccountingdepartmentoftheempireandthehighestcourtforpoliticalprisoners;anditalsohasadepartmentthatfunctionssimilarlytotheBritishHeraldry.Italsohasjurisdictionoverdisputesinalltheempire'sinstitutions,especiallytheconflictsbetweencentralrepresentativesandlocalelectedinstitutions.Finally,italsopromulgatedanewlaw,atheoreticalfunctionthatgaveitthesamepowerastheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates:refusingtoimplementmeasuresthatcontradictthebasiclaw.
HouseofCommons
ImperialDumaorImperialDuma(DumaEmpire)Thelowerhouse,whichformstheRussianparliament,hasatotalof442seatsandhasextremelycomplicatedelectionmethods.Thejobofthesemembersistowinthesupportoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofthewealthypeople,especiallythelandlordclass,andtospeakonbehalfoftheRussianpeople.EveryprovinceexceptCentralAsiawillnominateseveralmembers,andmostofthemcomefrombigcities.However,thisdoesnotmeanthattheycanbecomeofficialparliamentarians.Theymustpassarunoffelectionbythepeasants,citizensandlandlordclassbeforetheycanformallyserve.However,whenthedelegationispresentonbehalfoftheweakerpropertyowners,thewealthypropertyownerswillgotothebattleinperson.Citizens(metropolitans)aredividedintotwocategoriesbasedontaxablepropertyandareselectedasmembersoftheprovincialdelegation,whilefarmersareselectedasmembersoftheprovincialdelegation.Itisrepresentedbythedelegationofthecanton.Theworkingclassistreatedinaspecialway.Ifeachfactorydoesnotemploy50employees,oneormorerepresentativeswillbeelectedtoparticipateinthedelegation.
Inthedelegation,theyconductedasecretmajorityelection,andthewinnercanrepresentittoparticipateintheDumaBritishParliament.Sincethesepeoplehaveformedconservativeforces(theHouseofCommonsandcitizens),thereformersmusthavetherighttoelectonepersonfromalllevelsofgovernmenttoparticipateinthedelegation.SoiftheDumahassomeradicals,itisbecausetheyhavespecialfranchisesinsevenmajorcities,namelySt.Petersburg,Moscow,Kiev,Odessa,Riga,andWarsawandLodzinPoland.However,thelocalcouncildirectlyelectsthemembersoftheDuma,althoughtheirelectionsaredifferentiatedaccordingtotaxableassets,andthiswillgivethewealthypeoplesomeadvantagesandelectthesamenumberofrepresentatives.
TheChurch
TheMostHolySynod(foundedin1721)isthehighestgovernmentagencyoftheRussianOrthodoxChurch.Thisisapresidedoverbyasecularprosecutor,representingtheTsar,aswellasthethreemajorcitiesofMoscow,St.Petersburg,Kiev,andthearchbishopsofGeorgia.Therearealsobishopswhotaketurns.
Droit
In1767,Ekaterinapersonallywrotethe"Edict"fortheCodexCommittee.ShecitedtheideasofalargenumberofEnlightenmentthinkers.The"Edict"isfullof"Vocabularysuchas"freedom","equality","democracy"isagreatpracticeofYekaterina'simplementationofherdemocraticideasintothelaw.Itreflectsthequeen'sdeterminationtopromotedemocracyinRussiaintheearlydaysofherruling.
Nationalsymbol
Nationalflag
PetertheGreatascendedthethronein1721Later,theflagoftheRussianEmpirewastheEmperor'sprivateroyalflagoftheRomanovfamilyforalongtime-ablackdouble-headedeaglewithagoldbackground.Attheendofthe19thcentury,NicholasIIchangedtheflagtothecurrentstyle.Theflagisahorizontalrectanglewitharatiooflengthtowidthofabout3:2.Theflagsurfaceiscomposedofthreeparallelandequalhorizontalrectanglesconnectedtogether,whicharewhite,blue,andredfromtoptobottom.
ThevastterritoryoftheRussianEmpirespansthreeclimaticzones,namelythefrigidzone,subfrigidzoneandtemperatezone,andisconnectedinparallelbythree-colorhorizontalrectangles,showingthischaracteristicofRussia'sgeographicallocation.Whiterepresentsthesnowynaturallandscapeofthefrigidzonethroughouttheyear;bluerepresentsthesub-frigidclimatezone,butalsosymbolizesRussia'srichundergroundmineraldeposits,forests,waterpowerandothernaturalresources;redisthesymbolofthetemperatezoneandalsosymbolizesRussia'slonghistoryanditslonghistory.Thecontributionofhumancivilization.Thewhite,blue,andredflagscomefromthered,white,andblueflagsusedduringthereignofPetertheGreatin1697.Thered,white,andbluecolorsarecalledPan-Slaviccolors.AfterthevictoryoftheOctoberRevolutionin1917,thetricolorflagwascancelled.
FlagsoftheempireofRussia
NationalEmblem
DuringtheprocessoftheEastRomanEmpire'sdemise,Russiaintroducedthedouble-headedeagleintoitsnationalemblem.AftertheGrandDukeIvanIIIofMoscowmarriedPrincessSophiaPaleorogoftheByzantineEmpirein1473,heputthedouble-headedeagleontheRussiannationalemblemtoshowthatMoscowwasthethirdRome.
Theoriginofthedouble-headedeaglecanbetracedbacktothe15thcenturyAD.Thedouble-headedeaglewasoriginallytheemblemofConstantineIoftheByzantineEmpire.TheByzantineEmpireoncestraddledthejunctionofthetwocontinentsofEuropeandAsia.ItlookedatthesoutheasternpartofEuropeinthewestononeendandthewesternpartofAsiaintheeastontheother.Itsymbolizedtheunityofthetwocontinentsandtheunityofvariousethnicgroups.In1497,thedouble-headedeaglefirstappearedonRussia'sGreatSealasanationalemblemuntil1918.
La technologie
Railway
Railwayplanningafter1860Andconstructionhadaprofoundimpactontheeconomy,cultureandlifeoftheRussianEmpire.Thecentralgovernmentandthenobleclassbasicallymonopolizedthedecision-making,butthelocalclanclassprovideddemandforrailwayconstruction.Localnobles,businessmen,andentrepreneursimaginedthefuture"fromtheplacetotheempire",soughttheirowninterests,andoftencompetedwithothercities,thuscontributingtotheeconomyoftheempire.
TheRussianarmybuilttwomainrailwaysinCentralAsiainthe1880s:theCaucasusRailway,connectingBatumiontheBlackSeacoastandBakuontheCaspianSea;theOuterCaspianRailway,fromKlassontheCaspianSeacoast.FromNovotsktoBukhara,SamarkandandTashkent.Thetworailwaysservedthebusinessandstrategicneedsoftheempire,whilefacilitatingpopulationmobility.
Nationalités
Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,thereweremorethan200nationalitiesinRussia,using146languagesanddialects.Butthemainpartofthecountry'sresidents(nearly80%)iscomposedoffiveethnicgroups:GreatRussians,Ukrainians,Belarusians,Poles,andJews.GreatRussiansaccountedfor443%(55.7millionpeople)ofthecountry'spopulation;Ukrainians(orLittleRussians)accountedfor178%(22.4million)andBelarusiansaccountedfor47%(5.9million).ThesethreeRussians(1917)Beforetherevolution,theterm“all-Russian”includedthepopulationofthethreemainEastSlavicpeoples—Russians,Ukrainians,andBelarusians—whichtogetheraccountedfor668%ofthecountry'stotalpopulation.
Société
RussiansintheRussianEmpirearedividedintofourclasses:nobility,merchant,Cossackandpeasant.EthnicminoritiessuchasCaucasiansandTatarsarecalledforeigners.AmongRussians,816%arefarmers,93%arebusinessmen,62%aresoldiers,andonly09%arenobles(06%)andclergy(03%).Amongthemorethan88millionpeasants,morethanhalfareserfs,andtherestarepeasantswhoareconfinedtotheland(thevastmajority)andfreepeasants(aminority).
Russianserfdomwasfoundedinthe16thcenturyandbecamealegalprovisioninthemid-17thcentury(1647).Afterthereformin1861,theRussianEmpireabolishedserfdom.
Thepeasantswhoturnedfromserfshavebeenallocatedarableland.Buttheselandswereonlyallocatedtotheruralcommunes,anorganizationthatmanagestheownershipandtaxesofthesearableland.Ifyouwanttoearnestlyownarableland,farmersneedtopaya"ransom"withataxrate.Atthattime,farmerswhodidnothavelandhadtodopart-timejobsforotherstoearnmoneyfor"redemption"oftheland.However,afterpayingthemoneytotheTsar,thenewpeasantsalsoofficiallybecamepeasants,withoutanyrestrictionfromthelandlord.Butthemoneywasveryhigh.Becausetheczarfirstpaidthelandlordtheransom,thepeasantsdirectlyreturnedthemoneytotheczar.Thelatterrequiredanannualinterestrateof6%andapaymentperiodof49years.Inaddition,thereasonforeconomiccompensationtolandlordswasnottheland,butthelossofserfswhoweresupposedtoworkforthem.Notonlythat,butmanylandlordsarealsothinkingabouthowtoreducethepitifullandthatserfsontheirownlandcanget,suchasdeprivingthemofwhattheyneedmost:thepasturesaroundtheserfs'huts.Theresultisthatfreelancefarmersstillneedtoworkfortheirpreviousownerstorepaythecostofredemptionoftheland.
Religion
ThestatereligionoftheRussianEmpireistheOrthodoxChurch,andtheTsarisitsleader.Atthesametime,itretainsthetitleofSupremeProtector.AlthoughtheTsarwasabletoappointandretire,hecouldnotmodifythedogmaandthecontenttaughtbythechurch.TheleadingorganoftheOrthodoxChurchinthereligioussenseisthemostsacredconferenceofbishops,whichenjoysgreatpowerinreligiousmatters.Intheory,allreligiousbeliefsarefree,buttherearecertainrestrictionsforJews.
Ancientmonarchs
Ancientczars
serialnumber | ChineseFirstname | Timeinposition | Remarques |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | IvanIV | 1547—1584 | IvantheTerrible |
2 | Fedor·Ivanovich | 1584-1598 | FyodorI(bellringer) p> |
3 | BorisGodonov | 1598—1605 | Vide |
4 | FyodorGodonov | 1605(58days) | FyodorII |
5 | PseudoDimitLiYishi | 1605--1606 | Vide |
6 | VasilyIV | 1606-1610 | Vide |
7 | Mikhail·FeodorovichRomanov | 1613-1645 | MikhailI |
8 | AlexeiI | 1645—1676 | Vide |
9 | FedorAlekseyevich | 1676—1682 | FedorIII |
dix | IvanV | 1682--1689Year | Vide |
11 | PeterI | 1689-1721 | Vide |
RussianTsarsofSuccessiveDynasties
SuccessiveEmperors
1721—1725PeterI(theGreat)
1725—1727CatherineNaI(female)
1727—1730PeterII
1730—1740AnnaI(female)
1740—1741FanVI(YoungEmperor)
1741—1762ElizabethI(female)
1762—1762PeterIII
1762—1796CatherineII(theGreat)(female)
1796—1801PaulI
1801—1825AlexanderI(HolyKing)
1825—1855NicholasI
1855—1881AlexanderII(Liberator)
1881—1894AlexanderIII(Peacemaker)
1894-1917NicholasII(martyr)
EmperorsoftheRussianEmpire
TitleofEmperor
Until1907,thefulltitleofEmperorNicholasIIoftheRussianEmpirewascalled:CarriagebyHeaven,GodcanonizedNicholasasEmperorofAllRussia;Moscow,Kiev,andVladimir,TheczarsanddictatorsofNovgorod;theKazanczar,theAstrakhanczar,thePolishczar,theSiberianczar,Tavlida(Crimea)andXeniso(SouthernCrimea))Tsar,CzarofGeorgia;LordofPskov;GrandDukeofSmolensk,GrandDukeofLithuania,GrandDukeofLivonia(WestUkraine),GrandDukeofPodoria(CentralUkraine),GrandDukeofFinland;PrinceofEstonia,LivoniaPrince,PrinceofCourlandandSemigalia(Latvia),PrinceSamogitia(EastLithuania),PrinceBialystok,PrinceKarelia,PrinceTver,PrinceUgra,PrincePerm,PrinceVratka,PrincesofBulgariaandotherterritories;NizhnyNovgorod,Chernigov,Ryazan,Polotsk,Rostov,Yaroslavl,Belozhersk,Udor,Obdol,Kandia,LordsandprincesofVitebsk,Mstislavandallnorthernregions;LordsandmonarchsofallprovincesofIvriya(SouthGeorgia),Katyria(EasternGeorgia),KabardaandArmenia;ChelThelordsoftheKirksandthemountainCaucasians;theTurkestanlords;theheirtotheNorwegianthrone,Schleswig-Holstein,Stallmanin,DietmarshenandtheDukeofOldenburg,etc.