introduction
Les incitations sont des situations stimulantes qui peuvent amener les animaux et les personnes à effectuer des activités. Habituellement, la cause interne qui favorise directement le comportement est appelée la motivation, et la cause externe qui suscite le comportement est appelée l'incitation.
Inpsychology, inducementanddrivearebothindispensableforcesthatdeterminethemotivationofactivities.Itinducestheproductionofactivities, andspecifiesthespecificobjectsoftheactivitiesandcausestheactualactivities.Duetothedevelopmentandcomplexityofhumanneeds, theincentivesthatcantriggerhumanactivitiesarealsoveryrichandcomplex.Somearerelatedtothesatisfactionofhumanmaterialneeds, andsomearerelatedtothesatisfactionofhumanspiritualneeds.Theformercanbecalledamaterialinducement, andthelattercanbecalledaspiritualinducement.Thescores, mentions élogieuses, andawardsinschoolsareallimportantincentivesineducation.
Origine
Theconceptofinducementoriginatedfromthestudyofmotivationbypsychologistsinthe1950s.Atthebeginning, psychologistsemphasizedmoretheroleofinternaldriveintheactivitiesoforganisms.Later, peoplegraduallydiscoveredthatexternalinducementsarealsoveryimportantinarousal.Theincentivetheoryholdsthatorganismsalwaysseekadvantagesandavoiddisadvantages, pursuepositiveincentives, andavoidnegativeincentives.Forthirstyanimals, waterisapositiveinducement, forsexuallyimpulsiveanimals, theoppositesexisapositiveinducement.Objectsorsituationsthatcausepainarenegativetriggers.
Fonction
L'induction a une double fonction :
Il peut éveiller l'organisme et transformer la pulsion interne à l'état subconscient en pulsion interne à l'état conscient ;
Il guide le comportement de l'organisme vers ou à l'opposé de l'incitation.
Incentivetheoryisusuallyusedtoexplainwhysomepeoplegoonthepathofcrime.Forexample, whenaworkergoestoworkinthefinanceroom, ithappensthatthefinancepersonisnotthere, andthedrawerwherethemoneyisstoredisnotlocked.Thesetwoincentiveswillarousesomeunreasonablethoughtsoftheworker, thinkingthathemaynotbediscoveredbyothers, andhehasgainedmoney.Theobjectiveconditionsdrovethisworkertotakeawaythewagesofalltheemployeesinthefactory.Therearealsosomecasesthatshowthatinducementsplayanimportantroleinthegenerationofcriminalmotives.
Incentivesetmotivations,besoins
Inmotivation, needsandincentivesarecloselyrelated.Needsarerelativelyinternalandconcealed, whicharetheinternalreasonsthatgoverntheactionsoftheorganism, theinducementistheexternalstimulusassociatedwiththeneeds, whichattractstheactivitiesoftheorganismandmakesitpossibletosatisfytheneeds.Whenthebodyreachesacertaingoalandmeetsthecorrespondingneeds, itwillreducethecorrespondingmotivationandmakethebodyinarelativelyinactivestate.Therefore, withouttheneed, therewillbenobehavioralgoal, onthecontrary, withoutthebehavioralgoalorinducement, therewillbenospecificneed.Inreallife, humanbehavioroftendependsontheinteractionofneedsandincentives.
Motivationiscomposedofneedsandincentives.Therefore, thestrengthorpowerofmotivationdependsonboththenatureoftheneedandthesizeoftheinducingpower.Experimentsshowthatthestrengthofmotivationcausedbyincentivesdependsonthedistancetheindividualreachesthegoal.Ifthedistanceistoolarge, themotivationaleffectontheactivitywillbeverysmall.Peoplehaveidealsandambitions, andtheirmotivesnotonlygoverntheirbehaviortowardsshort-termgoals, butcanalsopointtolong-termgoals.Therefore, spatiallyadjacenttargetsmaynothavethegreateststimulatingeffect.Thesocialsignificanceofmotivationisalsodirectlyrelatedtothepowerofmotivation.Achievementtheorytellsusthatinadditiontothevalueofthegoal, theindividual'sestimationorexpectationoftheprobabilityofachievingthegoalisalsoofgreatsignificance.
Théorie des incitatifs
Sincethe1950s, manypsychologistsbelievethatthemotivationaltheoryofreduceddrivecannotbeusedtoexplainallbehaviors.Externalstimuli (inductions) arearousingbehavior.Timealsoplaysanimportantrole, andtheinteractionbetweenstimuliandthespecificphysiologicalstateoftheorganismshouldbeusedtoillustratemotivation.Forexample, whenafullanimalseesanotheranimaleating, itwillre-eatingfood.Atthistime, themotivationiscausedbystimulation.Humansoftenpursuestimulationinsteadoftryingtoeliminatetensionandrestorebalancetothebody.
TheincentivetheorywasputforwardbyHull.Hepointedoutthatinducementisastimulusthatcanmeettheneedsofanindividual, whichinspiresorinducesanindividualtomovetowardagoal.Emphasizestheimportantroleofexternalstimuliininducingmotivation, andbelievesthatincentivescanevokebehaviorandguidebehavior.Incentivetheoryemphasizestheexternalreasonsofmotivation, whichisobviouslydifferentfromthedrivetheoryemphasizestheinternalreasonsofmotivation.Thetheoryemphasizestheeffectofexternalenvironmentontriggeringbehavior.Theattractivestimulithatpeoplewantcanbecalledincentives, andtherearepositiveandnegativepoints.
Formule : P(potentiel comportemental) = D(conduite) × H(intensité de l'habitude) × K (incitation).