Du Fu

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La vie du personnage

Antécédents familiaux

TheancientancestorofDuFuwasthefamouscoolofficialDuZhouintheperiodofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty, andhisgrandfatherDuShenWord.DuFuandDuMu, anothergreatpoetintheTangDynasty, le "littleLiandDu", arebothJinDynastyuniversityscholarsandfamousgeneralDuYu, butthetwotribesarefarapart.HisancestralhomewasXiangyang (nowinHubei), hisgreat-grandfatherDuYiyiwasthemagistrateofGongCounty, andhelivedinGongCounty (nowinHenan) .DuFucamefromDuYu'ssecondson, dudan, andDuMucamefromDuYu'syoungestson, DuYin.DuFuwasborninGongCountyinthefirstyearofEmperorXuanzongoftheTangDynasty (712) .Hismother, Cui, est décédé quand DuFu était jeune. La famille Cui est également un membre bien connu de la famille.

WhenDuFuwasateenager, becauseofthesuperiorfamilyenvironment, helivedarelativelystableandprosperouslife.Hewasstudioussincehewasachild, andwasabletowritepoemsattheageofseven. "Thinkingisstrongatsevenyearsoldandsingingtothephoenix." Hewasalsoverynaughtywhenhewasateenager. "Inremembranceofthefifteenthyear, theheartisstillachild, andheisashealthyasayellowcalf.ThepearandjujubeareripeinAugustbeforethecourt, andthetreecangobackathousandtimesaday."

Inhisyouth, DuFuhadtheopportunitytobeinfluencedbyvariousculturesandarts, whichhadagreatinfluenceonhisfuturepoetrycreation.Forexample, whenhewasfiveorsixyearsold, hewatchedthedancerGongsunAuntie'ssworddanceinLicheng, Henan.Later, heheardaboutLiGuinianintheresidenceofQiwangLiFaninShangshanfanginLuoyangandinfrontofXuanzong'sfavoriteCuiDitanginZunhua.InLuoyang'sBeimanMountainPeakXuanyuanEmperor'sTemple, IhaveseenthefivesaintsandtheranksofthousandsofofficialspaintedbythesaintWuDaozi.Thisisreflectedinhislaterpoetrycreation.Atthattime, celebritiesCuiShangandWeiQixinsawthepoetryhewasstudyingandpraisedhimforhisstyleofBanGuandYangXiong.ElderslikeLiYongandWangHanalsocondescendedtovisithim.

JeunesseVoyage

InthenineteenthyearofKaiyuan (731), 19 ans oldDuFutraveledtoXunXia (nowLinyi, Shanxi) .Attheageoftwenty, DuFuroamedWuyueforseveralyears.Inthetwenty-thirdyearofKaiyuan () 735 années, DuFureturnedtohishometowntoparticipateinthe "townshiptribute" .Inthetwenty-fourthyearofKaiyuan () 736 années, DuFutooktheJinshiexaminLuoyang, butfailed.DuFu'sfatherwasinthepostofYanzhouSimaatthattime, soDuFuwenttoYanzhouProvince, andtogetherwithSuYuanmingandothers , wenttoQizhaoPlainforthesecondtimeroaming.Atthistime, hisfatherwasworkingasSimainYanzhou.HespentfourorfiveyearsintheQiuMafrivolouslifeinQi-Zhao, andhealsolefttheearliestsurvivingpoems: "DengYanzhouCityTower", whichisaprovince.WorksbyhisfatherwhenhewasinYanzhou; therearealsotwosongs "PaintingEagle" et "FangbingCaoHuma", whichextoltheeagleandthehorsewiththeenthusiasmofyoungpeople; thereisalso "Wangyue", whichisamasterpiece, endingThetwosentencesinthebookarewell-knownsayingsthathavebeenpasseddownthroughtheages: "Iwillbethetopofthemountain, lookingatthemountainsandsmallmountains", qui révèle l'ambition extraordinaire de la jeunesse du poète.

EnavrildeTianbaotroisans(744),DuFumetLiBaiinLuoyangdansLuoyang,quiareçudel'orparl'empereurXuanzongdeladynastieTang.

ForthefouryearsofTianbao (745), hemetLiBaiinQilu.Inadditiontodrinkingandcomposingpoems, healsodiscussedalchemyandseekingimmortality, andjointlyvisitedFanYeren, ahermitinthenorthofYanzhou.Thetwoalsogavepoemstoeachother.DuZengli'spoemsaid: «YuYidongisaguest, pityingthekinglikeabrother.Sleepingintheautumn, walkinghandinhandwiththeday » LiZengdu'spoemsaid: « AutumnwavesfallinSurabaya, andtheseaisbright.Let'stakethecup" Thetwohaveneverseeneachothersince.

Battu à Chang'an

ForsixyearsinTianbao (747), "universalartist" de Xuanzongorderedtheworld totaketheexaminChang'an, andDuFualsotooktheexam.DuetothepowerofLiLinfu, whodirectedafarceof "wildandwisemen", allthescholarswhotooktheexaminationwereunsuccessful.Sincetheroadofimperialexaminationwasunworkable, DuFuhadtoturnawayfromthedooroftherichandpowerfulinordertorealizehispoliticalideals, andtogivegiftstoothers, buttonoavail.HelivedinChang'anfortenyears, rushedtooffergifts, déprimé, frustratedinhisofficialcareer, andlivedalifeofpoverty.

Au cours du premier mois du dixième anniversaire de Tianbao (751), Xuanzong organisera trois grandes cérémonies de culte au palais de Taiqing, à Taimiao et à Tiandi.

Inthe14thyearofTianbao (755), DuFuwasawardedasmallofficiallikeHexilieutenant, butDuFuwasunwillingtoholdtheofficialpositionof "notbeingaHexilieutenant, desolateisabrokenwaist", thecourtchangedhimRenYouweiledthegovernmentsoldierCaotojointhearmy (low-levelofficialposition, responsibleforguardingthearmorrodsandmanagingtheaccesscontrolkeys) .DuFuwasforty-fouryearsoldandhadbeeninChang'anformorethantenyears, soheacceptedthisuselesspostforhislivelihood.InNovember, DuFuwenttotheprovincialhomeofFengxian (PuchengCounty, ShaanxiProvince) .AssoonasDuFuenteredthehouse, heheardcrying.Itturnedoutthathisyoungestsonwasstarvingtodeath.BasedonthefeelingsofChang'anfortenyearsandtheexperiencesalongtheway, il a écrit les célèbres " 500 mots de chant de Pékin au comté de Fengxian ".

Guerreetdéplacement

InNovemberforthe14thAnniversaryofTianbao (755), theAnshiRebellionbrokeout.InJuneofthefollowingyear, TongguanfellandXuanzongfledwestinpanic.InJuly, PrinceLiHengwaslocatedinLingwu (nowLingwuCity, NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion), andhewasSuzong.Atthistime, DuFuhadmovedhisfamilytoQiangVillageinHuozhou (nowFuxian, Shaanxi) .HeheardthatSuzonghadascendedthethrone.InAugust, hewentnorthaloneandwenttoLingwu.Unfortunately, hewascapturedbytherebelsonthewayandwastakentoChang'an..WangWei, whowasalsocaptured, wasunderstrictsupervision, et DuFu n'a pas été emprisonné en raison de son statut de fonctionnaire subalterne.

AtthetimeoftheAnshiRebellion, healwayswatchedthedevelopmentofthecurrentsituation.Duringthisperiod, hewrotetwoarticles: "PicturesontheSituationoftheEmperorGuoShijuninHuazhouandDestroyingtheInvaders" et "TheFirstYearofQianyuan" FiveQuestionsabouttheStateExaminationofJinshiStrategies », toprovidesuggestionsforthesuppressionoftheAnshirebels, andtoconsiderhowtoreducetheburdenonthepeople.WhenLiSiye'ssoldierswerepassingthroughHuazhou, thepowerfulforceinthecrusadeagainsttherebels, theNorthwestCourtJiedu, hewrotethepoem "TwopoemsofGuan'anWestSoldiersPassingandGoingtoGuanzhong", expressingstrongpatrioticenthusiasm.

Nomination à court terme

InAprilofthesecondyearofGermany (757), GuoZiyi'sarmycametothenorthofChang'an.DuFuventuredoutoftheJinguangmeninthewestofthecityandescapedfromChang'anthroughtheconfrontationbetweenthetwoarmies.FengXiang (nowBaoji, Shaanxi) wenttoSuzong.OnMay16, hewasawardedtheZuoSupplementbySuzong, soitwascalled "DuSupplement" intheworld.Unexpectedly, DuFuwasquicklydemotedtoHuazhou (nowHuaxian) forrescuingFangguanandangeringSuzong.Hewasresponsibleforsacrifices, les rituels, les écoles, les élections, medicalcare , examens, etc.AfterarrivinginHuazhou, DuFufeltverydepressedandtroubled.HeoftenvisitedtheZhengxianPavilionbytheXixiRiver (neartheoldofficialplatforminXinglinTowntoday) torelievetheworries.Inhispoemssuchas "TiZhengxianPavilion", "EarlyAutumnBitterandHotCasesStill", "Independence" et "XingMaXing", heexpressedhissighandresentmentabouthisfrustrationinhisofficialcareer, thescorchingstateoftheworld, andthetreacherousadmiration.DuFuwasreleasedaftertherescueofFangguanbyPrimeMinisterZhangHao.But "theemperorisnotveryself explicite", fromthenon, Suz En septembre de cette année, Chang'an a récupéré.

AttheendofthefirstyearofQianyuan (758), DuFutemporarilyleftHuazhoutovisitrelativesinLuoyangandYanshi (bothinHenanProvincetoday) .InMarchofthefollowingyear, thebattlebetweentheTangarmyandtheAnshirebelsbrokeoutinYecheng (nowAnyang, Henan), andtheTangarmywasdefeated.OnthewaybacktoHuazhoufromLuoyang, DuFusawtheendlessdisastersbroughttothepeoplebythewarandthepatrioticbehaviorofthepeoplewhoenduredthehumiliationtojointhearmyandparticipatedinthewar. "ShiHaoOfficials", "TongguanOfficials") et "ThreeFarewells" ( "Newlyweds", "" et "OldFarewells FamilyFarewells") , et après leur retour à Huazhou, ils ont été révisés et non fabriqués. "Des choses douloureuses à mes yeux, car les gens voyagent loin."

Errant à Shuzhong

InthesummerofthesecondyearofQianyuan (759), HuazhouandGuanzhongwereseverelydroughty.DuFuwrote "SummerSigh" et "SummerNightSigh", sorrowfulandsad, chantingaboutthesufferingofrefugeesinthecountry.Afterthebeginningofautumnthisyear, DuFuwasdistressedbythefilthycurrentaffairs, sohegaveuphispositioninHuazhoutojointhearmyandwentwesttoQinzhou (nowTianshui, GansuProvince) .DuFuwrotemorethan30poemsinHuazhou.DuFuwentthroughseveralroundsandfinallyarrivedinChengdu.WiththehelpofYanWuandothers, hebuiltathatchedcottageonthebankofHuanhuaCreekinthewestofthecity.Itwascalled "DuFuThatchedCottage" andalsoknownas "HuahuaThatchedCottage" .HewaslaterrecommendedbyYanWuasJiedu » son personnel et sa famille vivaient dans le comté de Fengjie, dans le Sichuan.

InthespringofthesecondyearofGuangde (764), YanWuwenttotowninShu, andDuFureturnedtothecottage.Hewanderedoutsidefornearlytwoyears.YanWurecommendedDuFuasamemberoftheschool'sengineeringdepartment, andservedasYanWu'sadviser.LatergenerationsalsoreferredtoDuFuastheDepartmentofEngineering.SoonDuFuresignedagain.Duringthesefiveorsixyears, DuFuwasstilllivingunderafence.Hesaid:. "ThebookofHouLu'sdeceasedpersoniscutoff, andthehungryandchildisharedesolate" ( "TheMadman") "Heusessomedetailsofhislifetoshowhishardshipinlife.Hesaidthathischildren, whoarenotsensible, don ? tknowhowtorespecttheirfathers, don'tknowhowtorespecttheirfathers, andwhethertheyarefathersornotwhentheyarehungry, shouldtheyfollowfatherandson Zhili, whenhewashungry, heclamoredforfoodandcriedoutsidetheeastgate.Intheautumnstorm, DuFu'shutwasruined, hisoldwifewashungry, andhecouldnotsleepallnight.Hewrote "Thehutwasbrokenbytheautumnwind" Oneofthemostfamousversesis: "TherearetensofthousandsofbuildingsinAndeGuangsha, andtheworldisfullofjoy."

InAprilofthefirstyearofYongtai (765), YanWudiedandDuFuleftChengdu.ViaJiazhou (Leshan), Rongzhou (Yibin), Yuzhou (Chongqing), Zhongzhou (Zhongxian), Yunan (Yunyang), arrivedatKuizhou (Fengjie) inthefirstyearoftheZongdacalendaryear (766) oftheTangDynasty.DuetothecareofthegovernorofKuizhou, BaiMaolin, DuFuwasabletoliveheretemporarilyandmanage100hectaresofDongtunpubliclandforthepublic.Thefamilyalsoparticipatesinsomelabor. Au cours de cette période, la création du poète a atteint son apogée. En moins de deux ans, il a composé plus de 430 poèmes, représentant 30 % des œuvres existantes.

Longdyingintheboat

Dalithreeyears (768), DuFuwashomesick, wentoutofthegorgebyboat, firstwenttoJiangling, thentransferredtothepublicsecurity, anddriftedtoHunanattheendofthewinterYueyang, mooringdownstairsinYueyang.Climbinguptothelong-awaitedYueyangTower, overlookingthevastexpanseofDongtingLakewithsmokeandwaves, thinkingofthedriftinginmyoldage, thecountry'smanydisastersanddifficulties, Iwasfullofemotions, soIwrote "DengYueyangTower" .Duetodifficultiesinlife, notonlycouldhenotreturnnorth, buthewasalsoforcedtotravelsouth.InthefirstmonthofthefourthyearoftheDalicalendar, fromYueyangtoTanzhou (Changsha), fromTanzhoutoHengzhou (Hengyang), retour à Tanzhou.

InthefifthyearofDali (770 années), ZangJiemadetroubleinTanzhou, andDuFufledtoHengzhou.HeoriginallyplannedtogotoChenzhoutojoinhisuncleCuiNiao, butwhenhetraveledtoLeiyang, theriversurged.IhadtostopatFangtianyianddidn'teatanythingforfivedays.Fortunately, thecountymagistrateNiesentsomeonetobringmeatandwineandwassaved.Later, DuFuhadtotravelmorethantwohundredmilesupstreamfromLeiyangtoChenzhou.Atthistime, theflooddidnotrecede.DuFuwasoriginallydeterminedtoreturntothenorth.Atthistime, hechangedhisplan, wentdowntheriverandturnedbacktoTanzhou.InthewinterofthefifthyearofDali (770), DuFudiedonasmallboatfromTanzhoutoYueyang.Hewasfifty-nineyearsold.

Principales réalisations

PoésieRéalisations

DuFu'spoem "hassixtyvolumes", lostearly.InthesecondyearofBaoyuanintheNorthernSongDynasty (1039), WangZhu'scollectionconsistedof1405articles, compiledinto18volumes, andtitled "TheCollectionofDuGongbu" .QianQianyicompiled "AnnotationtoDuGongbuJi" .YangLunsaid: "SincetheSixDynasties, Yuefuquestionshaveoftensimulatedplagiarism, andChenChenXiangyinisthemostannoying.Zimeicameoutonlytofeelatthetime, sympathizeswiththecountry'sdifficulties, andsuffersfromthepoorpeople.Gotothepredecessors'antagonism ".

InthemiddleofDuFu'smiddleage, becauseofhispoeticstylewasdepressedandfrustrated, hewasconcernedaboutthecountryandthepeople, andDuFu'spoemswerecalled "thehistoryofpoetry" .Hispoemsareknownforarchaicandrhythmicpoems, andhavevariousstyles.Thefourcharacters "shensuccumbedtofrustration" accuratelysummarizehisownstyleofwork, andheisdominatedbydepression.DuFulivedinthehistoricalperiodwhentheTangDynastyturnedfromprosperitytodecline.Hispoemsdealtwithsocialturmoil, politicaldarkness, andpeople'ssuffering.Hispoemsreflectedsocialcontradictionsandpeople'ssufferingatthattime.HispoemsrecordedthedeclineoftheTangDynastyfromprosperity.ThegreathistoricalchangeshaveexpressedtheloftyConfucianbenevolenceandstrongsenseofsuffering, soitisknownasthe "historyofpoetry".

DuFuise souciedupaysetdupeuple,aunepersonnalitéhonorableetunesuperbepoésie. Les poèmes transmis par DuFu sont les plus étendus parmi les poèmes Tang, et l'un des poètes les plus remarquables de la dynastie Tang, et ont une profonde influence sur les générations futures.

RhythmicpoetryoccupiesanextremelyimportantpositioninDu'spoetry.TheachievementofDuFu'srhymepoems, firstofall, istoexpandthescopeoftherhymepoemexpression.Henotonlywritesentertainment, chant, voyages, banquets, andlandscapes, butalsowritescurrentaffairsinrhythmicpoems.Towritecurrentaffairsinrhymedpoems, thenumberofwordsandmetricarelimited, makingitmoredifficult, butDuFucanuseitfreely.DuFuwrotetherhymepoemsfreelyandarbitrarily, doingeverythingpossibletochange, conformingtothelawwithoutseeingtherestraintsofthevocalrhythm, andthealignmentisneatandthereisnotraceoftheopposition.Forexample, "Denggao", whichYangLuncalled "thefirstintheseven- La règle de caractère de DuJi", émet un poème : "Le vent se précipite, le ciel est haut et les singes sifflent et pleurent, et ZhuQingsha et les oiseaux blancs reviennent. modèle de phrase honologique.Toutes les huit phrases sont correctes, et la première phrase est également correcte.

ThehighestachievementofDuFu'srhythmicpoemscanbesaidtobetowritethisstylesosmoothlyandsmoothlythatthereisnotracetobefound.Forexample, "SpringNightHappyRain": "Goodrainknowstheseason, whenspringishappening.Sneakintothenightwiththewind, moisturizingthingssilently.Wildpathsandcloudsareallblack, riverboatsandfiresarealone, dawnseestheredandwetplaces, flowersbloomintheofficialcity" Thelastfoursentencesarepairedwithrunningwater, andthecharmofthespringrainiswritteninonebreath, silentlyandwithoutexpectation, thelastcoupletwritesasurpriseoflookingbacksuddenly, themetricisrigorousanduniform.

DuFuisgoodatusingmanysystemsofclassicalpoetryanddevelopingthemcreatively.DuFu'sthoughtsofcaringaboutpeople'slivelihoodandsufferingandhisachievementsinrhythmicpoetrydirectlyinfluencedthecreationofnewYuefubyYuanZhen, BaiJuyiandothersintheMid-TangDynasty.HeisthepioneerofthenewYuefustyle.HisYuefupoemscontributedtothedevelopmentoftheNewYuefuMovementintheMid-TangDynasty.Hisfiveorsevenancientnovelsarebothpoetryandhistory, spreadingoutnarratives, andfocusingonthereciprocationofthewholestory, markingthehighachievementofChinesepoetryart.TheSongDynasty, whichwasfullofsocialcontradictions, wasthemostprosperoustimetolearnfromDuFu, andtheJiangxipoetryschoolwithDuFuasitssectappeared.GuYanwuandothersattheendoftheMingDynastyandthebeginningoftheQingDynastyalsohadacleartendencytolearnfromDuFu.LikeDuFu, theyalsousedrhymepoemstoreflectthestruggleagainsttheQingDynastyatthattime, andtheywereimpassioned.

DuShireceivedwideattentionsincetheSongDynasty.WangYucheng, WangAnshi, SuShi, HuangTingjian, LuYouandothershighlypraisedDuFu.Researchmaterialshavebeeninconstantuseforthepastthousandsofyears.Thereweremanyspecialbooksonthechronology, classification, andannotationsofDuGong'spoemsintheSongDynasty, "DuGongbuJi" de suchasWangZhu, "JiuJiaJiJiJiDuShi" de GuoZhida, les "DuGongBuCaotangPoems" de LuBianciandCaiMengbi "FunmenJizhuDugongbuPoems", y compris "WenGuanjunReceivingHenanandHebei", » "de XuJuren" Chunwang », "Queju", "le AnnotationtoDuGongbuJi "de QiuZhaoao "les DetailedNotesonDuPoems", de YangLun "DuShiJingquan", de PuQilong "ReadingDuXinJie" .Boththenewandold "BooksoftheTang" Wangyue" de andsoon.LatergenerationsalsoannotatedmorethanonehundredkindsofDuJi.ThemorepopularQianQianyi" haveDuFu'soriginalbiography.AftertheSongDynasty, thecommentaryandexplanationofDu'spoemsinthepoetrynotesareveryrich.In1964, ZhonghuaBookCompanyacompiléla"ClassicalLiteratureResearchMaterialsCollection·DuFuVolume",lapremièreéditionde"TheDepartmentofTangandSongDynast s ".AttheendoftheMingDynasty, WangSihad "DuJian", andQingShihonghad "ReadingDuPoems" .Inaddition, theZhonghuaBookCompanycompiledthemoreimportantpaperssincetheMayFourthMovementintothe "CollectionofDuFuResearchPapers. BiographyofDuFu "de XiaoDifei "ResearchonDuFu" de BiographiesandnewresearchmonographsincludeFengZhi"", de FuGengsheng "les DuFu'sPoems", de andZhuDongrun "de DuFu'sNarratives M." de .ThemoredetailedchroniclesincludeWenYiduo". ShaolingChroniclesMeeting"etles"DuFuChronicles"duCentre de recherche sur la littérature et l'histoire du Sichuan.

Réalisationsincalligraphie

DuFuisverymatureandprofoundinhiscalligraphycreationconcept.Judgingfromtherecord, hisscriptiswritteninregularscriptandcursive, andthewholeisinmind, admiringtheancientandmajestic, payingattentiontothespeed, le rythme, le geste, inkmethodandsooninthewriting.Itisalsoveryin-depthintheTangDynasty.Calligrapher.Atthesametime, hispraiseoftheofficialcalligraphersoftheTangDynastyandtheevaluationofCaoBaandZhangXuareenoughtomakehimfamousinthehistoryofcalligraphy, andhis "booksareexpensiveandthin" laidthefoundationforDuFuinthehistoryofcalligraphytheory.importantposition.

Caractéristiques littéraires

Expression poétique

Langue

ThelanguageofDuFu'spoemsisgenerallybelievedIthasthecharacteristicsof "effondrement", anditslanguageandtextstructurearefullofchanges.Itemphasizestherefinementofwordsandsentences.Theterm « shengloom » wasfirstseenintheSouthernDynasties, « thebodyofgloomycontemplation, thebeautyofthesunandthemoon » .Later, DuFuwrotemoreaccuratelysummarizingthelanguageofhisownworkswiththefourwords « depressionandfrustration » .ThedisciplesofYangXiongandMeiGaocanbetouched. "FurtherresearchonDuPoetryfoundthattheformationofhispoetrystyleiscloselyrelatedtohisadherencetoConfucianism.Atthesametime, DuFuwasattheendofhisheydayandhadambitiousambitionswhenhewasyoung.He" willbethetopofthemountainandseethemountainsandsmallmountains » .Later, theAnshiRebellionbrokeout, thenationalfortunedeclined, associé à la mauvaise carrière officielle, et l'énorme écart entre les idéaux et la réalité a également renforcé le style poétique de DuShi.

Images

TheindividualizationofDuShi'schoiceofimagesisthefoundationofDuShi'slanguage.ImagesoftenappearinDu'spoems, suchasancientfortress, autumnclouds, apehowling, remnanttorch, emergencygorge, dangerouscity, loneboat, fallingflowers, sunsetandothernaturallandscapes, aswellasordinarypeoplesuchasweavergirl, oldwoman, oldfarmer, andwife, alsoThereareofficials, généraux, evilyoungpeopleandotherpowerfulforces.TheyallshowDuFu'seagernessfor "ZhongxingJishi, rebukeofchaos, indignationatrampantdominance, sadnessatwanderinganddeprivation, compassionforthecharcoaloflivingbeings, andregretformaterialexhaustion.BoShi'spraisesfromthepublic », anditistheexpressionoftheseheavyemotionsthatmakeDuShi'slanguagetendtobe « depressedandfrustrated HuanxiPoetryTalk » de .WuKan "" commentedonDuFu'slatepoems "changingarbitrarily, openinguptheyangandcombiningtheyin" à nouveau: "Butthemeaningisfaraway.Ifyoucitethelastsentence, youcan'tknowthenextsentence" WuGanalsosaid:". Ordinarypeoplecanonlysayonethinginonesentence, buttwomorethingsinonesentence .DuShicansaythree, quatre et cinq choses dans une seule phrase ; les gens ordinaires écrivent des poèmes, mais ils peuvent dire jusqu'à présent.

Style

Intermsofstyle, DuFu'spoemshaveavarietyofstyles.YuanZhencommentedonDuFulikethis: "AsforZimei, covertheso-calledThincoquettish, undertheShen, Song, wordsdominateSuandLi, QiswallowsCaoandLiu, hidestheface, XieZhiislonely, mixedXu, Yuandthelike, allhavethestyleofancientandmodern, andtheyareuniqueineveryone.QinGuanalsohasasimilarview:" SoDuZimei, poorandsublime, extremelylavishandunrestrained, fullofdiluteinterest, handsomeandclean, andbeautiful, mais les maîtres ne sont pas aussi bons que les autres. Cependant, si vous ne rassemblez pas le meilleur du peuple, la famille Du ne peut pas être seule.

ThemainstreamviewbelievesthatthestyleofDuFu'spoemsismelancholyandfrustrated, thelanguageisrefined, themetricisrigorous, thecraftsmanshipisingenious, thefeelingsaresincere, honestandtalkative, thedescriptionisdeep, thedescriptionisdelicate, andtheimageisbright. "Beingunfamiliarwiththehumannature, butthewordsarenotastonishingandendless" ishiscreativestyle.AsfarasDuShi'suniquenarrativestyleanddiscussionstyleareconcerned, somescholarsbelievethatitwasinfluencedby "TheBookofSongs · Xiaoya", anditstragicandgenerousstyleissimilarto "LiSao" .SomescholarsalsobelievethatDuShipossessesthetraditionalspiritofbenevolentpoliticsandthetruerecordspiritofSimaQian.ThereisalsoaviewthatDuFu'spoemshavea "humanitarianspirit . "HanYu, un grand écrivain de la dynastie Tang, a une fois mis DuFu et Li Baito ensemble et a déclaré :" Les articles de LiDu sont là, et la gloire est longue. ongtothelikesofthephilosophers."The"PrefacetotheCollectionofDetailedNotesonDuPoems"deJiang Shiquan's"ZhongyatangCollection"Volume1

Métrique

La métrique du poème de DuFu a les caractéristiques d'une formulation concise et d'un contraste net, ce qui est en accord avec la "beauté architecturale" de la poésie chinoise.

Contenu

IntermsofthecontentofDuFu'spoems, mostoftheworksreflectthesocialoutlookatthetime, withawiderangeoftopicsandprofoundmeanings, especiallydescribingthesufferingofthepeople.Toexpresshissorrowandcompassionforthepeople, loveforthepeople, worryaboutthecountryandthepeople, Du'spoemsareknownasthehistoryofpoetry.Hidden, thereisalmostnothingleft, sothetitleisthehistoryofpoetry. "TheconclusionwasreachedinSongDynasty, butthemeaningofpoetryhistoryhasitsownopinions.SomepeopleannotateDu'spoemswithhistoricalfactsandthinkthatDu'spoemsaredocumentarypoemsthatcansupplementthehistoryandprovethehistory, soitiscalledthehistoryofpoetry.Thisargumentonlyemphasizesthetruthandfalsityofhistoricalevents, whiledespisingtheemotionalcharacteristicsofpoetry.SomepeoplethinkthatDuFuhashistoricalknowledgeandhisrigorousbrushworkiscomparabletotheHanhistorianSimaQian.Andthosewhohavecriticsandcriticsofpoemscan" notbebeautifulandnothideevil », soitl'histoire de la poésie. Cet argument est également souhaitable dans une certaine mesure. Mais il y a aussi ceux qui n'aiment pas les poèmes de DuFu.

Les idées principales

InDuFu'sownwords, "worryingaboutLiYuaninpooryears" ishiscentralidea et "willingtokillone'slifeineconomictimes" ishisconsistentspirit.Heusedthesetodemandhimselfandtoencouragehisfriends.HepraisedYuanJieandsaid, "DaozhouisworriedaboutLiShun, andhiswordsarefullofvibes." HesaidtoYanWu, "Ifyouareapublicassistant, don'tloveyourbodywhenyouareindanger." HealsosaidtoPeiQiu, "ToJun, Yao, Shun, Fugong, etc. C'est il y a longtemps que Lu Sidi est mort.

DuFuwasborninabureaucraticfamilywithalongtraditionof "honoringConfucianismandguardingofficials" forgenerations.ThefamilygaveDuFutheorthodoxConfuciancultureandambitiontomakeadifferenceinofficialcareer.Therefore, « le supplycareer » -acareerthathasbeeninheritedfromgenerationtogeneration.Hisvariousculturaleducationandsubsequentbehaviorsareallrelatedtothepursuitofofficialcareerandofficialdom.Forexample, hewrotein "Vingt-twoRhymesforWeiZuoZhangZhang" de DuFureferredtobeinganofficialastheirfamily hesaid, "Hepretendstobequitestrong, andLiDengwantstobeaway.Totheking, YaoandShun, andthenmakethecustomshonest." Thisisakindofhopetoentertheofficialcareer, inthecareerTorealizehisidealandambitionof "totheemperor, YaoandShun, et rendre les coutumes honnêtes » est le désir de contribuer au travail réel de la société et de profiter aux gens ordinaires.

Beforethirty-fiveyearsold, DuFuwasstudyingandtraveling.AtthetimeoftheNewYear'sEra, DuFu'seconomicsituationwasrelativelygood.Thiswasthemostinterestingperiodinhislife.Fromtheageoftwenty, heendedhisstudylifeandbegana "grandtour" thatlastedmorethantenyears.Duringthislong-termgrandtour, DuFucameintocontactwiththeincomparablyrichculturalheritageandmagnificentriversandmountainsofourmotherland, whichnotonlyenrichedhislife, butalsoexpandedhisvisionandheart, andbroughtquiteastrongromanticismtohisearlypoetry..Thepoem "Wangyue" canbearepresentative. "Itwillbethetopofthemountain, andthemountainsandsmallmountainswillbeseen", whichisrevealingthepoet Mais à cause de ce mode de vie, il est impossible de se rapprocher des gens et de pénétrer dans la réalité.

DuFu'smovetowardsrealismbeganwiththeten-yeardemiseofChang'aninthesecondperiod (35to44yearsold) .ThiswasthebrewingperiodoftheAnshiRebellion.ThetraitorsLiLinfuandYangGuozhongwereinpower.NotonlydidDuFufailtorealizehispoliticalambitionsof "totheemperor, YaoandShun, andtomakethecustomsmorehonest", buthealsobegantolive "thedooroftherichandthevictorsoftheNorthThehumiliatinglifeof" FatMachen », andevenoftengohungryandcold: ". Hungermovesfortendays, andmyclothesarehangingon" Underthetormentofhungerandcold, DuFualsothoughtofretiringandmakinga "senttothesunandthemoon" FatheroftheChao, XuYou, DuFudidnotevadehardship, butresolutelyembarkedontheroadofactivelyjoiningtheWTO.LifetorturedDuFuandmadehimperfect.Hegraduallypenetratedintopeople'slivesandsawthesufferingofthepeopleandtheevilsoftherulingclass, andthuswrote "TheTourofSoldiers", "TheWalkofBeauty", etla "WingbeforeFengFeng" .Waitingforamasterpieceofrealism.DuFualsohadsuchapoem: "Amanisbornintheworld, andheisastrongman"; "Ahusbandswearstothecountry, whyisheangry Thefameandf Une eau de licorne, et les os de la bataille devraient être rapidement décomposés.

Fromforty-fivetoforty-huit, itwasthethirdperiodofDuFu'slife, theperiodofseizingthievesandbeinganofficial.ThiswasthemostviolentperiodoftheAnshiRebellion.Thecountrywasinjeopardy, thepeoplesufferedheavydisasters, andthepoetsalsoexperiencedhardshipsanddangers.TheAnshiRebellionwasofanationalcontradictioninnature, andthewaratthattimewasaself-defensewarconcerningthesurvivalofthecountry.Therefore, DuFu'sattitudetowardsthewarwasdifferentfrombefore.Itwasnotopposition, butanactivecallforit.Hemournedthe "FortyThousandVolunteers" whosacrificedforthecountry.Headmonishedthecivilandmilitaryofficialsto "sweepwithguns" .Ontheonehand, hevigorouslyexposedthedarknessofmilitaryserviceandsympathizedwiththepeople En raison de la vie profonde de son peuple et de son implication dans des luttes réelles, il a écrit « TristeChenTao », « Tristelechefdelarivière », « Espoir du printemps », « Village de Qiang », « Expédition du Nord », « Pousser des soldats et des chevaux » et « Trois officiels », une série de poèmes avec un haut degré de caractère populaire. terandpatriotism, suchasthe "ThreeFactions", reachedthepeakofrealism.Forexample, hispoem "DengYueyangTower": "IheardaboutDongtingwaterinthepast, andnowIgotoYueyangTower.WuChuissoutheastofChu, andtheuniversefloatsdayandnight.Thereisnowordforrelativesandfriends, andthereisaloneboatforoldandsick.Rongmaguanisnorthofthemountain, PingXuanSiLiu." Inthispoem, thepoetstandsontheYueyangTower, throughthedistantview, thinksofthesocialsituationofturmoilandwars, andcannothelpbutexchangetearswithYiChuangXuaninhisheartandhome.Anotherexampleis: "WenGuanjunReceivingHenanandHebei", "SuddenlyheardfromoutsidetheswordtocollectJibei, tearsfilledtheclothesatthebeginning.Butseeingthewife'sworries, Iamecstaticinpoemsandbooks.Isingsongsinthedaytimeandindulgeinwine, andyouthisagoodcompany.Returntothehometown.FromBaGorgetoWuGorge, thentoXiangyangtoLuoyang." Inthispoem, Iwasmadatthenewsthattheimperialcourtregainedthelostground.BothofthesepoemswerewrittenbyDuFuwhenhewaswandering.DuetotheAnshiRebellion, thesocietyappearedtobeamess, soDuFualw ayshopedthattherebellionwouldbeputdownandthesocietywouldbestable.Therefore, whenhethoughtofthecountrysuffering, theflamesofwar, andthecharcoaloflife, heshedtears, andwhenheheardthatthearmyhadregainedJibei, hecriedwithjoyandcouldn'tsuppresshimself.ItcanbeseenthatDuFu'sworriescomefromthecountry, andjoyalsocomesfromthecountry.ThisisthesenseofsocialresponsibilityandworrythattheConfucianintellectualspossesstheworldastheirresponsibility.

"Myeyesarefullofsorrows,becausepeopletravelfaraway."InJulyofthesecondyearofQianyuan(759),DuFuabandonedhisofficialofficeandarrivedinChengduattheendoftheyearandbuiltathatchedcottageinthewesternsuburbsofChengdu.,Beganhislastperiodof"WanderingSouthwest"life.Intheelevenyearsofwandering,heoftenlivedalifeof"lifelikeeveryoneelse".Helovestointeractwithworkingpeople,buthatesbureaucracy,sohesaid:"Idon'tliketoenterthestatecapital,andIamafraidofothers.ItbelongstoMaoyu,andIhaveneverbeenangered."DuFu'slifeisstillverydifficult,andhepassedaway.Inthatyear,IwashungryforfivedaysbecauseofavoidingZangjie'schaos.Whatisvaluableisthatnomatterhowhardheisinlife,andnomatterwherehedrifts,heisalwaysconcernedaboutthesafetyofthecountryandthesufferingofthepeople.Atthesametime,hehasneverforgottenorrelaxedhiscreation.Duringtheelevenyearsofwandering,hewrotemorethanathousandpoems."TheThatchedHouseWasBrokenbytheAutumnWind","WenGuanjunReceivingHenanandHebei","WuChengWuLang","FatherTianMuMudDrink","Generals","QiuXing","SuiYanXing",etc.arethebestofthisperiod.work.Differentfromthepreviousperiod,ithasmorelyricalnatureandmorediversifiedforms.Itisparticularlynoteworthythattheseven-characterrhymepoemwascreativelyendowedwithsignificantpoliticalandsocialcontent.

DuFuwanderedinSichuanforeightornineyears,inHubeiandHunanfortwoorthreeyears,anddiedonabrokenshipfromChangshatoYueyanginthewinterofthefifthyearofDali(770)."Thebloodofthewarisstillflowing,andthevoiceofthearmyisstillmoving."Thisishislastnostalgiaforthecountryandthepeople.

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CharacterEvaluation

• HanYuintheTangDynasty:①UniqueMinistryofIndustry'iscalledthewholeAmerica,andthepoetsofthatdayhavenoimitations.("TitleDuGongfu'sTomb")②LiDu'sarticleisthere,anditisfullofglory.("TiaoZhangJi")

• TangDynastyBaiJuyi:(DuPoems)runthroughthepresentandancienttimes,withaseriesofrhythmsandperfectwork.("NineBookswithYuan")

• YuanZhenoftheTangDynasty:①Dupoemsareboundlessandreacheverywhere.("SynopsisPoemstoHeaven")②DuFu'sgeniusisquiteextraordinary,andeverytimehelooksforpoems,helookslikealover.Lianqusaidstraighttothetime,notknowingtheoriginoftheancients.("RewardingLiFuSeeingGifts")

• SimaGuangoftheNorthernSongDynasty:Theancientswerepoetry.Theonewhoisfullofpreceptsisalso.Inmoderntimes,thepoetDuZimeiisthebestpoet.("ContinuedPoems")

• NorthernSongDynastySuShi:Therearemanypoetsinancientandmoderntimes,andDuZimeiistheleader.Isn'titbecausehelivesinhungerandcold,doesnotuseitforlife,andevenforgetstheemperorafterameal?("WangDingguoPoetryCollection")

• YeMengdeofSongDynasty:Thepoetworkswithoneword,andtheworldknowsit,butthechangesofLaoDuopenandclose,surprisinglyendless,almostimpossibletocapture.("StoneLinPoetryTalk")

• SongDynastyXuWei:OldDuPoemsareindisputable,anddonotneedtobepraised.Youcangainsomethingandyoumustnotforgetit.("YanZhou'sPoetryTalk")

• SouthSongLuYou:Thearticleisself-explanatory,andtheloyaltyandrighteousnessarethought-provoking.("YouJinpingMountainVisitsShaolingAncestralHall")

• PengDingqiuandothersinQingDynasty:BetweenTianbao,FuandLiBaiwereequallyfamous,andhewascalledLiDuatthetime.RanYuanzhen'swords:"LiBaiZhuangwaveisfreeandunconstrained,andsincerityisalsobeautiful.Totheend,theparallelrhyme,bigorthousandwords,hundredsoftimes,bold,boldandwindy.Tunetobeclearanddeep,whichbelongstotherightlaw,andifyouabandonthecommonplace,thenLiShangcan'tgothroughhisfeudallords,andthestateismysterious?"BaiJuyialsosaid:"Dupoetryrunsthroughtheancientandmodern,doinghisbest,almostsurpassingLi."Yuan,BaiZhi'stheoryislikethis.Gaiqi'sprovenanceislost,joy,grief,anger,goodvirtuousandevil,anditisseeninpoetryatfirstsight.Anditisbasedonloyaltytotheemperorandworryingaboutthecountry,andthinkingaboutchaoswhenhurting.Readinghispoemscanknowhisworld,soitwascalledthe"historyofpoetry"atthattime.("AllTangPoems")

• ModernLuXun:①IalwaysfeelthatTaoQianstoodalittlefarther,andLiBaistoodalittlehigher.Thisisalsoduetothetimes.DuFudoesnotseemtobeanancientperson,asifheisstillaliveinourpiletoday.(LiuDajie"LuXunonClassicalLiterature")②DuFuisthebackboneoftheChinesenation!("CelebritiesintheChineseTextbookofJuniorHighSchool:DuFu")

• HuangJinxiang:"TheonlyoneswhoholdthebestofTangpoetryareLiandDu!"

• Modernpoet[America]KennethRexroth:MypoetryisundoubtedlymainlyinfluencedbyDuFu.Ithinkheisthegreatestpoeteverintherealmofepicanddrama.InsomerespectsheevensurpassesShakespeareandHomer.Atleastheismorenaturalandkind.("TheCriticBiographyofFiveThousandYearsofChineseLiterature")

AnecdotalAllusions

Indignationagainsttheroyalfamily

TheTangDynastyduringthereignofEmperorXuanzongofTangDynastywasabigcountryintheworldatthattime.Buteveninthisbigcountry,whichseemstobestillpowerfulonthesurface,thesignsofcollapsehavealreadybeenbornduetomanyreasonssuchastheupperhandandthelowerhand.Finally,theTangDynastyquicklymovedtowardstheturningpointofitsoverthrow-theoccurrenceofthe"AnshiRebellion".Afterlearningofthissituation,DuFufeltthatthoseinpowerwhoignoredthepeople'slivelihoodandonlycaredabouttheirownenjoymentwouldsurelyleadtotheruinofthecountry;soheindignantlywrotedownwhatwaslaterselectedintothefamousanthology"ThreeHundredTangPoems"Thepoemisaseven-characterlongancientpoementitled"LieRenXing".Thepoemhasbecomeaveritable"epic"becauseoftheboldironyandprofoundexposureofthehotandluxuriouslifeoftheYangfamily;andpeoplealsosummarizedanidiom"hot"fromit,whichisusedtoshowthatthearroganceandpowerareverypowerful.Thebigone.

Familymembers

Grandfather

DuFu'sgrandfatheristhepoetDuShenyanintheearlyTangDynasty.DuShenyanisverytalented,butheisproudofhistalent.Shao,LiQiao,CuiRong,andSuWeiweiarecollectivelyreferredtoasthe"FourFriendsofArticles".InthefirstyearofEmperorGaozongoftheTangDynasty(670years),hewaspromotedtotherankofJinshiandservedasWeichengWei.ThentransfertoLuoyangCheng.InthefirstyearofEmpressWuShengli(698),hewasrelegatedtoJizhouSihutojointhearmy.Butatthistime,theyoffendedcolleaguesGuoRuonaandchiefZhouJizhong,andthetwoconspiredtoframeDuShenyanandconvictedthemofdeath.DuFu'suncle,DuBin,wasthirteenyearsold,andassassinatedZhouJizhong,whichshockedthegovernment.Duetothis,DuShenyandidnotdieandwassummonedtothecapitalbyWuZetian.Becauseofhisappreciationofhispoemsandessays,hewasawardedtheworkofZuoLang,theofficialtothediningdepartmentmemberWaiLang.Later,hewasexiledtoFengzhouforcolludingwithZhangYi'sbrother.Butsoonitwasorderedback.

Parents

DuFu'sfatherwasDuShenyan'seldestson,DuXian,andhisbiologicalmotherwasanativeofTobuCity,Qinghe,buthediedshortlyafterhisbirth.ThefathercontinuedtomarryLuShi.DuFuwasraisedbyhisaunt.DuFuhaselderbrothers,diedyoung,threehalf-brothersandhalf-sister,DuFuoftenmentionstheminhispoems.ButDuFurarelymentionedhisstepmother.

Wife

Attheageof30,DuFutemporarilyinterruptedhisroamingbetweenQilu,YanandZhao,andreturnedtoLuoyang,inthenorthwestofYanshiCounty.LuHunMountainVillawasbuiltunderYangshan,andthenhemarriedthedaughterofYangYi,SinongShaoqing,inHongnongCounty(changedtoLingbaoCountyduringtheTianbaoperiod).SinongShaoqingisthedeputyministerinchargeofagricultureandfinance.Hiswifeismorethantenyearsyoungerthanhim.Unfortunately,DuFudidnotwriteabiographyforhisbelovedwife,andMrs.Yang'snameisunknown,butDuFumentionedherinmanypoems.

Children

TheeldestsonZongwen(thenicknameXionger),thesecondsonZongwu(thenicknameJizi),andthedaughterFenger.

Anotheryoungson,Tianbaodiedofstarvationin14years.

Thereisatleastonewoman:DuFu'spoem"NorthernExpedition"hasthesentence"Twolittlegirlsinfrontofthebed".

Laterinfluences

Hispoemsarerichinsocialcontent,strongcontemporarycolorsanddistinctpoliticaltendencies,whichtrulyandprofoundlyreflectthepoliticalcurrentaffairsandthevastexpanseofahistoricalerabeforeandaftertheAnshiRebellion.Thepictureofsociallifeisthereforecalledthe"poetryhistory"ofageneration.DuFu'spoemsarecomposedofallforms.InadditiontotheFiveAncients,SevenAncients,FiveLaws,andSevenLaws,healsowrotealotofarrangingandarrangingstyles,usingavarietyofartistictechniques,andheisamasterofthethoughtandartofTangpoetry.

DuFuinheritedthespiritoftheHanandWeiYuefu"feelinginsorrowandhappiness,becauseofevents",andgotridoftheshacklesoftheancientquestionsofYuefu.Yuefu,suchasthefamous"ThreeOfficials","SanBie"andsoon.Afterhisdeath,hewasgreatlypraisedbyFanHuang,HanYu,YuanZhen,BaiJuyiandothers.DuPoemshadaprofoundinfluenceonYuanBai's"NewYuefuMovement"literarythoughtsandLiShangyin'smodernallegoricalpoemsaboutcurrentaffairs.ButDuShireceivedwidespreadattentionaftertheSongDynasty.WangYucheng,WangAnshi,SuShi,HuangTingjian,andothershighlypraisedDuFu,whileWenTianxiangtookDuFu'spoemsasthespiritualforcetoupholdnationalintegrity.TheinfluenceofDu'spoems,fromancienttimestothepresent,haslongbeenbeyondthescopeofliteratureandart.

Duringhislifetimeandsomeyearsafterhisdeath,DuFudidnotreceivemuchrecognitionandattention.Toacertainextent,thiswascausedbyhisinnovationinstyleandmetric.SomecriticsIthinksomeoftheseworksarestillveryboldandweird.Thereisalmostnoinformationabouthimwhenhewasalive,only6poetstotaling11poems.Moreover,thesepoemsdonotmentionthatheisamodelofpoetryandethicalviewpointsregardinghisinfluence.

HisworksbegantobecomefamousintheninthcenturyAD.EarlypositivecommentscamefromBaiJuyi.HepromotedsomeethicalviewsofDuFu'sworks,althoughheonlyfoundtheseviewsinsomeofDuFu'sworks.InadditiontoBaiJuyi,thereisalsoHanYu,whowroteanarticletorefutethevoicesagainstLiDuanddefendtheiraestheticstatus.Atthesametime,thesetwopoetshavetheshadowofDuShiintheirpoems.DuFu,asKongQingxiangsaid,is"theonlypoetinChinawhoseinfluencehasgrownovertime".

Atthebeginningofthetenthcentury,WeiZhuang,aformerShupoetoftheFiveDynasties,foundtheruinsofthatchedcottagesandrebuiltthethatchedhutstopreservethem.Duringthisperiod,Chinastartedafrenzyofthe"NewYuefuMovement",andDuFuwashighlyregardedastheinspirationforthisrealisticpoetrymovement.DuFu'srealistcreativespirit,afterheconfessedhislife,influencedthecreationsofPiRixiu,CaoYe,NieYizhong,DuXunheandothers,thusformingarealistpoetryschoolthatdominatedthepoetryworldofthelateTangDynasty.

IntheSongDynasty,DuFu'sreputationreacheditspeak.HuangTingjianandChenShidao,etc.,speciallyexploredDuShiqi'ssideandformedthe"JiangxiPoetrySchool".Later,WangAnshi,LuYou,andWenTianxiangwerealltoacertainextent.UndertheinfluenceofDuFu,WenTianxiangcomposed200collectionsofDuFu'sfive-characterpoemsinprison.Inthepreface,hesaid:"WhoeverIwanttosay,Zimeiistheendorsement."ThebroaderinfluenceofDuFuisDuFu'sworks.Thepoetrywastransformedfromaliteralgameintoavehicleforexpressingpoliticalambitions,whichlaidthefoundationforlaterpoets'writingonpoliticalthemes.

ThedevelopmentofNeo-ConfucianismintheSongDynastyensuredthatDuFuwasamodelofpoetryandhissupremacy.SuShiexplainedthereason:No,butyoucan'tforgettherulerafterameal!"Hisabilitytothinkhascreatedhisinfluence.Outofhisyearningforagoodsocialorder,heishighlyrespectedbypoliticians,andreformershavealsolearnedfromhistreatmentofthepoor.Withcompassion,thewriterlearnsfromhisinnovationinartistictechniques.

JinShengtan,aliterarycriticintheearlyQingDynasty,comparedDuFu'spoemswithQuYuan's"LiSao",ZhuangZhou's"Zhuangzi",SimaQian's"HistoricalRecords",ShiNaian's"WaterMargin",andWangShifu's"TheStoryoftheWestChamber",collectivelycalled"TheBookofSixTalents".Incontemporarytimes,DuFu'sloyaltytothecountryandconcernforthepeoplehavebeenreinterpretedasmeaningnationalismandsocialism,andhehimselfhasbeenappreciatedbymodernresearchersforusingthe"people'slanguage".

DuFu'sinfluenceonfuturegenerationsalsohasmoralaspects.Inthetwentiethcentury,themodernAmericanpoetRexRossbelievedthatwhatDuFucaredaboutwasthelovebetweenpeople,thetoleranceandsympathybetweenpeople:"MypoetryisundoubtedlymainlyinfluencedbyDuFu.Iam.Heisconsideredtobethegreatestpoeteverinthefieldoutsideofepicanddrama.Insomerespects,heevensurpassedShakespeareandHomer.Atleastheismorenaturalandkind."

DuFuisnotonlyfamousinChina,butalsofamousoverseas.In1481,SouthKoreatranslatedDu'spoemsintoKoreanandcalledthem"AnnotationofDuPoemsandProverbs".HisinfluenceonJapaneseliteraturewasrelativelylate,untiltheseventeenthcenturyhehadthesamereputationinJapanasinChina.DuFuhadadeepinfluenceonMatsuoBasho.DuFuisalsothefavoritewriterofAmericanwriterKennethRexroth.

Charactercontroversy

Themysteryofthecauseofdeath

TherearefiveviewsonthecauseofDuFu'sdeathinliteratureandhistory:

1.Thetheoryofdeathfromillness

RegardingDuFu'sdeath,MoLifengandTongQiangwroteinthebook"BiographyofDuFu":"Winterishere,andthepoetfallsill.IfellillintheboatheadingtoHengyang....Asuperstarfellinthisinfinitelonelinessandloneliness."

Second,givedeath

Second.p>

Thisstatementoriginatedfrom"DuSupplements"underthenameLiGuanoftheTangDynasty.Sincethisstatementwasputforward,scholarsinsuccessivedynastieshaverefutedthisstatementandclearlypointedoutthebiggestprobleminthisparagraph.ThearticlementionedthatTangXuanzonggaveDuFutodeathin770,andTangXuanzongdiedinthefirstyearofBaoying.(762).

3.Self-sinkingtodeath

Thistheoryoriginatedfromthe"TitleDuZimeiTomb"writtenbyHanYuinthenameofthepseudo-TangDynastyandproposedthat"threesages(referringtoQuYuan,LiBai,andDuFu)allbelongtothesamewater.ThethreeofthemsankinHuaisha,whichisobviouslyanunfoundedimagination.

Four.Deathfromfoodpoisoning

ItisthefamousmodernscholarGuoMoruowhoputforwardthisstatement.GuoMoruo'sstatementisalsospeculativeandthereisalmostnoliterature.Asabasis,itispurelypersonalliterarycreation.

Five.Deathduetoindigestion

DuFu'sdeathandhungerareconstantlyconnected.AfterleavingSichuan,DuFulivedinHunanasaguest.Besiegedbytheflood,Iwashungryfor9consecutivedays(inotherwords,Iwashungryfor5consecutivedays).ThelocalcountymagistraterescuedDuFuwithasmallboatandservedhimwithbeefbroiled(barbecue:barbecue)liquor.DuFu,whohadbeengluttonousforalongtime,couldn'tbearhisstomach,andeventuallydiedofindigestion.

CommemorationofLaterGenerations

DuFuTomb

DuFuwasimpoverishedinhislateryears,DaizongDalithreeyears(768years),thewholefamilytraveledfromHubeitoHunanandtracedbacktoXiangjiangRiverGoupandclimbHengshanviaYuanxiang.InthefifthyearoftheDaliperiod,hewenttoChenzhoutovisitrelatives.DuetotheskyrocketingLeiShui,hemetobstaclesandlivedinLeiYi.LeiYangNieLingliwastheguestofhonor.Thatyear,DuFudiedofpovertyandillnessfromLeiyangtoHengyangXiangjiangZhouzhong.NieLingzhiburiedthetombwithhisbacknorthtothesouth.Thetombwassurroundedbyastonefence,andtherewastheSouthernSongDynastystoneinscription"TheTombofDuGongoftheMinistryofIndustryoftheTangDynasty"onthefront.

InthefourthyearofTangTianyou(907),theDugongTemplewasbuiltaroundthetomb,withacourtyard-styleclosedmountainbuildingwithacivilstructure.ThereisasandalwoodstatueofDuFuinthecentralmainhall,andtherearemorethanadozenroomsintheeastandwestcorridorsforsacrificestothetomb.IntheSongDynasty,DuLingAcademywasbuiltbesideDuGong'sAncestralHall.

DuFu'slastwishwastobeburiedinShouyangMountain,buthissecondsonZongwuwasunabletodoitduetopoverty,sohehadtotemporarilyburyitinLeiyang.Forty-threeyearsafterthepoet'sdeath,FangYou'sgrandsonDuSiyehelpedhimtobeburiedatthefootofShouyangMountaininYanshi,Luoyang,Henan.ThereisalsothetombofDuFuatthefootofShouyangMountain.

DuGongAncestralHall

RemainsofDuFu(10photos)

Savethefourtemples."ThefourtemplesrefertothetemplesofJiangyuan,Juzhou,Tonggu,andJianmen.Today,LeiyanghasthekeyculturalrelicsprotectionunitsinHunanProvince-DuFuTomb,DuGongbuTemple,DuLingBridge,DuLingAcademyandothersites,intheDuFusiteTheDuFuParkwasbuiltonthefoundationofthecity.Today,thereisthe"DuGongbuAncestralHall"intheShaolingyuaninChang'an,southofXi'an,ShaanxiProvince.ItwasestablishedintheMingDynastyandwascompletelyrenovatedafterliberation.

LocatedinNanyaowanVillage,ZhanjieTown,GongyiCity,ZhengzhouCity,HenanProvince.Itcoversanareaof​​34acreswithanorth-to-southblock.ItiscomposedofWangxiangPavilion,CaoPavilion,XianHall,etc.Theentirescenicareahasmorethan3,000flowersandtreesplantedwithexoticflowersandgrasses,greentrees,pinesandcypresses,majesticandmajestic,andvariousfacilitieshavegardenarchitecturalstyles,whichhavebecomeManlingMountains.Ashiningpearlonthetop.

ThereisamemorialhallinDuFu'shometown,whichdisplaysversionsofDuFu'spoemsandpapersonDuFu'spoems,alistofDuFu'spedigrees,andpoeticpaintingsofthe"ThreeOfficials"and"SanBie".

DuFujiangPavilion

LocatedinthesecondsectionofXiangjiangMiddleRoad,TianxinDistrict,ChangshaCity,HunanProvince,itisagardenantiquebuildingbuilttocommemoratetheTangDynastypoetDuFu.ItisseparatedfromOrangeIslandandYueluMountain.Facingtheriver,itislessthanonethousandmetersawayfromTianxinPavilion.TheJiangPaviliongardenareacoversanareaof​​morethan6000squaremeters,withabuildingareaof​​morethan3,800squaremeters.Themainpavilionisdividedintofourfloorsandis18metershigh.In2002,theChangshaMunicipalGovernmentdecidedtoformallyconstructit,andin2005OnSeptember19,theentirebuildingwasfullycompletedandpassedexpertacceptance,andthenitwasopenedtothepublicforatrial.

DuFuThatchedCottage

DuFuThatchedCottageinChengdu(12photos)

TheDuFuThatchedCottageinChengdu,Sichuan,wasoriginallybuiltbyDuFu.Later,afterthefivegenerationsofpre-ShupoetWeiZhuangfoundthesiteofthethatchedcottage,thecottagewasrestoredtopreserveit.Itwasrestoredtwotimes,thelargestofwhichwasinthethirteenthyearofHongzhiintheMingDynasty(1500)andthe16thyearofJiaqingintheQingDynasty(1811),whichbasicallyestablishedthescaleandlayoutofDuFu'sThatchedCottage,andevolvedintoamemorialAmuseumwherethelayoutoftheancestralhallisintegratedwiththestyleandfeaturesofthepoet'sformerresidence.ThereareonlymorethansixtypoemsinthetombofDuFuandDuGong'sshrineinthepast.BiographiesOneHundredandFortieth,"NewTangBookVolume201·BiographiesOneHundredandSixth","TangTalentBiography·DuFuBiography",etc.