Introductionausujet
Theresearchonthebrainandnervoussystemhasalonghistory.Bytheendofthe18thcentury, peoplerealizedthatthebrainisdividedintodifferentparts, performingdifferentfunctions.Cajalfoundedtheneurontheoryin1891, whichbelievedthattheentirenervoussystemiscomposedofrelativelyindependentnervecellsinstructure.OnthebasisofCajal'sneurontheory, Sherringtonproposedtheconceptofsynapsebetweenneuronsin1906.Adrianproposedneuralactionpotentialsinthe1920s.TheM-PneuralnetworkmodelproposedbyMcCullochandPittsin1943.In1949, Hebbproposedtherulesofneuralnetworklearning.ThePerceptionmodelproposedbyRosenblattinthe1950s.Sincethe1980s, progresshasbeenmadeinneuralcomputingresearch.HopfieldintroducedtheLyapunovfunction (appelé "calculatedenergyfunction") togiveanetworkstabilitycriterion, whichhasadirectcorrespondencewithVLSI, andlaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofneuralcomputers.Atthesametime, itcanalsobeusedforassociativememoryandoptimizedcalculations , ouvrant de nouvelles voies pour les réseaux de neurones à utiliser dans les ordinateurs. Amari a fait des recherches sur eux athematicalbasictheoriesofneuralnetworks, includingstatisticalneuraldynamics, dynamictheoryofneuralfields, associativememory, andhasdonesomegroundbreakingworkespeciallyininformationgeometry.Theresearchofcomputationalneurosciencestrivestoreflectthefollowingbasiccharacteristicsofthehumanbrain: ①Thecerebralcortexisahugeandcomplexsystemwithextensiveconnections, ②Thecalculationofthehumanbrainisbasedonlarge-scaleparallelsimulationprocessing, ③ThehumanbrainisverypowerfulGoodatgeneralization, analogie, andpromotion, ④Thebrainfunctionisrestrictedbyinnatefactors, butacquiredfactors, suchasexperience, learningandtraining, etc., playanimportantrole, whichshowsthatthehumanbrainisverystrongSelf-organizationandself-adaptability.Manyhumanintellectualactivitiesarenotcarriedoutinlogicalreasoning, butformedbytraining.
À l'heure actuelle,lacompréhensiondecommentlecerveauhumainestencoretrèssuperficielle,etlarecherchedeneurosciencesinformatiqueesttoujoursinadéquate.
Les questions scientifiques des domaines des neurosciences computationnelles sont les suivantes :
Le processus de base de l'activité neuronale : l'étude des canaux neuronaux et de leur régulation, la transmission et la régulation synaptiques, les neurorécepteurs, la transduction du signal et le mécanisme de synchronisation de l'activité neuronale.
Le modèle de calcul d'un neurone unique : un neurone unique est l'unité de base qui constitue le réseau neuronal. Il est composé de corps cellulaires nerveux, de dendrites et d'axones. Connexion synaptique
Lemécanismeneurald'apprentissageetdemémoire :lesmodificationsdusystèmenerveuxdanslastructureetlesfonctionsduesàdesfacteurstelsquel'activitéetl'environnement.
Themolecularmechanismofneuronandnervoussystemdevelopment: nervecellsaredifferentiatedfromneuralstemcellsduringbraindevelopment, andthenmigrate, growprotrusions, andformsynapses.Theconnectionandotherprocessesgraduallyformacomplexandsophisticatedbrain.Tostudytheneurotrophicfactorsthatregulatethedifferentiationofneuralstemcells, maintainthesurvivalofnervecells, regulatethemigrationofnervecells, processgrowthandsynapseformation, andstudytheirfunctionsandmechanisms.
Neurotransmetteurs : étudier la composition des neurotransmetteurs, la synthèse, l'entretien, la libération des neurotransmetteurs et l'interaction avec les récepteurs.
Origine historique
Le point de vue des neurosciences cognitives croit que des zones cérébrales spécifiques sont responsables de fonctions cognitives spécifiques. Ce point de vue découle de plusieurs théories différentes, telles que la phrénologie.
Phrénologie
TheoriginofcognitiveneurosciencehasalottodowithPhrenology.Phrenologyisessentiallyapseudoscienceandclaimsthattheshapeofthescalpaffectsbehavior.Intheearly19thcentury, FranzJosephGallandJ.G.Spurzheimbelievedthatthehumanbraincanbedividedinto35differentregions.InGore'sbook "IntroductiontotheAnatomyandPhysiologyoftheNervousSystemandIn-depthStudyoftheBrain", heclaimedthatthelargerbulgeontheskullmeansthatthisareaisusedmorefrequently.Thephrenologyhasbeenwidelynoticedbythepublic, andperiodicalsonthesubjectofphrenologyhavebeenpublished.Evenacraniophagographwasinventedtomeasurethebulgeonthehead.
Totalisme
Lepsychologueexpérimental françaisPierreFlourens a remis en cause les conceptions de la phrénologiecomme de nombreuxscientifiques.Bien quesessujetsexpérimentauxétaientdeslapetsetdespigeons,il a trouvé qu'une partie spécifique de la lésion cérébrale n'a pas provoqué de changement de comportement.Par conséquent,il pense quelecomportementdelaperformancetotaleestparticipédelaperformancetotale.
Théorie de la localisation
SomeEuropeanscientistssuchasJohnHughlingsJackson (JohnHughlingsJackson) conductedsomeresearchtomakelocationtheorybackintothemainstreamview.Jackson'sresearchisparticularlyfocusedonpatientswithbraininjurieswhohaveepilepsysymptoms.Hefoundthatpatientsoftenhavethesameclonusandmuscletensionduringepilepticseizures.Therefore, hebelievesthateveryseizuremustoccurinthesamebrainarea, andheputsforwardtheviewthatspecificbrainareasareresponsibleforspecificfunctions.Inthefollow-upresearchonthebrainlobe, theregionalizationpointofviewhasagreatinfluenceandhelp.
Augmenter
FrenchneuroscientistPaulBrocareportedthesymptomsofapatientin1861.Thepatientcouldunderstandlanguage, butcouldnotspeak, andcouldonlymakethesoundof "parler" (tan) .Thispatientwaslaterfoundtohaveabraininjuryinthefrontallobeofhisleftbrain, andthisbraininjuryareaisnowcalledBroca'sarea.Anotherneuroscientist, CarlWernicke, discoveredthatastrokepatientwasunabletolistentoverbalmessagesandreadtext, butcouldspeakfluently (althoughthewordsweremeaningless) .Thispatienthadabraininjuryatthejunctionoftheleftparietallobeandthetemporallobe.AndthisareaisnowcalledtheVenekiarea.Thesetwocasesareimportantevidencetosupportthetheoryoflocationalization, becauseaspecificareaof braininjurycausedspecificbehaviorchanges.BrocaandVeneki'sresearchledtothebirthofneuropsychology, andthisnewfieldstudiestherelationshipbetweenpsychologicalphenomenaandbraininjuries.
Positionnement de la fonction cérébrale
En 1870, twoGermanphysicians, EduardHitzigandGustavFritsch, publishedtheirfindingsinanimalexperiments.Theyenergizedifferentpartsofthecerebralcortexofthedog, whichcancausedifferentcorrespondingactions.Therefore, theybelievethattheperformanceofbehaviorisderivedfromthelevelofoperationofbraincells.GermanneuroanatomistKorbinianBrodmannusedthetissuestainingtechniqueinventedbyFranzNissltoobservecelltypesinthebrain.In1909, hepublishedhisconclusion: Thebrainismadeupof52differentparts.ThesepartitionsarenowcalledBrodmanpartitions.Itnowappearsthatsomedivisionsareveryprecise, suchasBrodman17andBrodman18.
Neuraldogma
Intheearlytwentiethcentury, SantiagoRamonyCajalandCamilloGolgibegantostudynervecellstructure.Golgidevelopedasilverstainmethod, whichcanstaincellsinaspecificareatogether.UsingthistechniquetoobservenervecellsmakesGolgibelievethatthereisadirectconnectionbetweenthecellsinthecommoncytoplasm.Cajalopposedthisview.Hestainedthepartsofthebrainthatcontainedlessmyelinandfoundthatthenervecellswerenotcloselyconnected, butseparated.Hefurtherdiscoveredthatnervecellstransmitelectricalsignalsinonedirection.Thesefindingsarecalledneuraldogmas, andprovideabasictheoryforunderstandingthefunctionofnervecellsinthefuture.Forthiscontribution, GorkyandKahabothwontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1906.
LaNaissanceScience Cognitive
OnSeptember11,1956, theCognitiveScienceConferencewasheldattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Attheconference, GeorgeA.Miller (GeorgeA.Miller) publishedhisfamousresearch "TheMagicNumber7 +/- 2" graduallydeclinedinthe1950sand1960s .NoamChomskyandAlanNewellandHerbertAlexanderSimonpublishedtheirresultsincomputerscience.UlricNeissercommentedonmanyoftheresultspublishedinthisconferenceinhis1967book "psychologie cognitive" .Theterm "psychologie", replacingthebeginningofcognitivescience.BehavioristscientistssuchasGeorgeA.Millerbegantoattachimportancetotheinternalrepresentationoflanguage, notjustexternalbehavior.DavidMarr (DavidMarr) proposedthehierarchicalrepresentationofmemory , et de nombreux psychologues ont accepté que les fonctions mentales doivent être traitées par des algorithmes spéciaux dans le cerveau.
Neuroscience cognitive
Beforethe1980s, therewasalmostnointeractionbetweenthetwofieldsofneuroscienceandcognitivepsychology.Inthelate1970s, theterm "neurosciences cognitives" wasborninthebackseatofataxiandwasco-foundedbyGeorgeA.MillerandMichaelGazzaniga.Cognitiveneurosciencebegantouseexperimentalpsychology, neuropsychologyandneuroscienceresearchmethodstolaythefoundationforcognitivescience.Inthelate20thcentury, newscienceandtechnologybecameanimportantresearchmethodincognitiveneuroscience.Thesetechniquesgenerallyincludetranscranialmagneticstimulation (TMS), functionalmagneticresonanceimaging (IRMf), électroencéphalographie (EEG) andmagnetoencephalography (MEG) .Sometimesotherbrainimagingtechniquesareused, suchaspositrontomography (PET) andsingle -La tomodensitométrie photonique (SPECT). L'enregistrement à unité unique utilisé sur les animaux est également une technique importante. En outre, d'autres technologies incluent la microneurographie, l'électromyographie faciale (EMG) et le suivi oculaire. (biologie, psychologie, anatomie et expérience clinique) en un modèle descriptif intégré.
Thème
Attention,conscience,prise de décision,jugement,apprentissage,mémoire