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ThesynonymWTOgenerallyreferstotheWorldTradeOrganization
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Theimprintoftheoriginalheart丨The"WTOhammer"witnessinghistory2021-08-0422:55

A"WTOhammer"witnessedthehistoricalmomentofChina'sreturntotheWorldTradeOrganization,andtoldthestoryofChina'sactiveintegrationintoeconomicglobalizationanditsdeterminationtopromotetheconstructionofanopenworldeconomy.ReturningtotheWorldTradeOrganizationisabigstepforChinatocatchupwiththetimesandactivelyembracetheworld....Details

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    History

    July1944,AttheBrettonWoodsmeeting,theideaof​​establishingtheWorldTradeOrganizationwasproposed.

    InFebruary1946,theUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCouncilhelditsfirstmeeting.ThemeetingcalledforaUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandEmploymenttodraftacharterfortheInternationalTradeOrganizationandnegotiateaworldwidetariffreduction.Subsequently,theEconomicandSocialCouncilestablishedapreparatorycommittee.

    In1947,theHavanaChartersignedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandEmploymentagreedtoestablishtheWorldTradeOrganization.Later,duetotheoppositionoftheUnitedStates,theWorldTradeOrganizationcouldnotbeestablished.Inthesameyear,theUnitedStatesinitiatedthedraftingoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeasatemporarycontracttopromotetradeliberalization.

    From1947to1993,theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradepresidedover8roundsofmultilateraltariffandtradenegotiations.The8throundofnegotiationswasheldinGenevafrom1986toDecember15,1993,calledthe"UruguayRound.".Thefifthroundiscalledthe"DillonRound",thesixthroundiscalledthe"KennedyRound",andtheseventhroundiscalledthe"TokyoRound".

    In1986,afterthestartoftheUruguayRoundofGATTnegotiations,

    In1990,theEuropeanCommunityandCanadaformallyproposedtheestablishmentoftheWorldTradeOrganization.

    OnApril15,1994,theUruguayRoundMinisterialMeetingoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeheldinMarrakech,Morocco,decidedtoestablishamoreglobalWorldTradeOrganizationtoreplacetheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade.

    OnJanuary1,1995,theWorldTradeOrganizationwasestablished.

    OnJanuary1,1996,theWorldTradeOrganizationformallyreplacedtheProvisionalAgencyoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,andKazakhstanappliedforWTOaccession.

    OnDecember11,2001,ChinaformallyjoinedtheWorldTradeOrganization.

    OnAugust30,2003,theGeneralCounciloftheWorldTradeOrganizationunanimouslyadoptedthefinaldocumentontheimplementationofthepatenteddrugcompulsorylicensingsystem.

    OnNovember7,2006,theGeneralCounciloftheWorldTradeOrganizationheldaspecialmeetinginGenevatoacceptVietnamasamemberoftheorganization.

    OnOctober26,2012,LaoswasformallyapprovedasamemberattheGeneralCouncilmeetingheldinGeneva,Switzerland;theinformalmeetingoftheGeneralCounciloftheWorldTradeOrganizationheldinGeneva,SwitzerlandonDecember10ofthesameyearApprovedthemembershipofTajikistanthroughapackageofdocumentsforTajikistan’saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization.

    OnMarch2,2013,TajikistanofficiallybecameamemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization.OnDecember7ofthesameyear,theNinthMinisterialConferenceoftheWorldTradeOrganizationconcludedinBali,Indonesia,andtheBaliMinisterialDeclarationwasissued.OnDecember4ofthesameyear,theNinthMinisterialConferenceoftheWorldTradeOrganizationpassedanagreementinBali,Indonesia,approvingYemen'saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization.

    OnApril26,2015,Seychellesconcludedthe20-yearWTOmembershipnegotiationwithmembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization.OnJuly27ofthesameyear,KazakhstanPresidentNazarbayevandWorldTradeOrganizationDirector-GeneralAzevedojointlysignedthe"ProtocolonKazakhstan'sAccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization"attheWorldTradeOrganizationGeneralCouncilmeetinginGeneva;OnJuly29ofthesameyear,LiberiaandAfghanistanbecamemembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization.

    OnDecember11,2019,duetothefactthatthereisonlyonememberoftheAppellateBodyoftheWorldTradeOrganization,whichisbelowtheminimumnumberofeffectiveoperations,theAppellateBodyoftheWorldTradeOrganizationDisputeSettlementMechanismwasofficiallyclosedaftermorethan20yearsofoperation.

    Organization

    OrganizationalPurpose

    Improvelivingstandards,ensurefullemploymentandsubstantiallyandsteadilyincreaserealincomeandeffectivedemand;expandproductionofgoodsandservicesAndtrade;adheretothepathofsustainabledevelopment,eachmembershouldpromotetheoptimaluseofworldresources,protectandmaintaintheenvironment,andstrengthentheadoptionofvariouscorrespondingmeasuresinawaythatmeetstheneedsofeachmemberunderdifferenteconomicdevelopmentlevels;Activelystrivetoensurethatdevelopingcountries,especiallytheleastdevelopedcountries,gainsharesandbenefitsthatarecommensuratewiththeirlevelofeconomicdevelopmentinthegrowthofinternationaltrade;establishanintegratedmultilateraltradingsystem;establishacompletesystemthroughmeasuressuchassubstantialtariffreductionAmoredynamicanddurablemultilateraltradingsystem;withtheprinciplesofopenness,equality,andreciprocity,graduallylowerthetariffandnon-tarifftradebarriersofeachmember,andeliminatethediscriminatorytreatmentofeachmemberininternationaltrade.Indealingwiththerelationshipbetweentradeandeconomicundertakingsamongthemembersoftheorganization,theaimistoimprovelivingstandards,ensurefullemployment,guaranteethehugeandcontinuousgrowthofrealincomeandeffectivedemand,expandthefulluseofworldresources,anddevelopcommodityproductionandexchange.,Strivetoreachmutuallybeneficialagreements,drasticallyreducetariffsandothertradebarriersandpoliticaldiscriminationininternationaltrade.

    ThegoaloftheWTOistoestablishacompletemultilateraltradingsystemthatincludesgoods,services,trade-relatedinvestmentsandintellectualpropertyrights,etc.,whichismoredynamicandlasting,toincludetheliberalizationoftheGATT.AndalltheresultsoftheUruguayRoundofmultilateraltradenegotiations.

    Basicprinciples

    • Reciprocity

    ReciprocityTheprinciple,alsocalledtheprincipleofreciprocity,meansthattwomembersgiveeachotherpreferentialtreatmentininternationaltrade.Itclarifiesthebasicpositionsthatmembersmustadoptintariffandtradenegotiationsandwhatkindoftraderelationsmustbeestablishedbetweenthem.

    TheprincipleofreciprocityoftheWorldTradeOrganizationismainlyembodiedinthefollowingforms:

    1.Reducetariffsornon-tariffmeasuresbyholdingmultilateraltradenegotiations,andofferothermembersreciprocallyOpeningupthedomesticmarkettoobtainopportunitiesfordomesticproductsorservicestoenterothermembermarketsistheso-called"investinginpeaches"and"repayingtheminreturn."

    2.WhenacountryorregionappliestojointheWorldTradeOrganization,sincenewmemberscanenjoythepreferentialtreatmentofopenmarketsthatalloldmembershavereachedinthepast,oldmemberswillunanimouslyrequirenewmemberstofollowThecurrentWTOagreementsandagreementsprovideforpaymentof"entryfees"-openinguptheapplicant'scommodityorservicemarket.

    3.Mutualtradeisthemaintoolforachievingeconomicandtradecooperationwithothermembersintheprocessofmultilateraltradenegotiationsandtradeliberalization.ThehistoryoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeandtheWorldTradeOrganizationhasfullydemonstratedthatthebenefitsofmultilateraltradeliberalizationtoamemberarefargreaterthanthebenefitsofacountry’sunilateralimplementationoftradeliberalization.Becausewhenacountryunilaterallydecidestoliberalizetariffandnon-tarifftradeingoodsandopentheservicemarket,thebenefitsitobtainsmainlydependontheresponseofothertradingpartnerstosuchliberalizationreforms.Iftheresponseisgood,itmeansIfconcessionsarealsograntedinotherplaces,thebenefitswillbegreater;otherwise,thebenefitswillbesmaller.

    Onthecontrary,undertheWTOsystem,sinceamember’stradeliberalizationiscarriedoutwithinthescopeofobtainingtheopenmarketcommitmentsofexistingmembers,theactualbenefitsbroughtbysuchtradeliberalizationreformsarenaturallyTheWorldTradeOrganization’sinstitutionalguaranteeisnotasuncertainastheinterestsofunilateralorbilateraltradeliberalization.Therefore,multilateraltradeliberalizationisbetterthanunilateraltradeliberalization,especiallyforalargedevelopingcountrylikeChina.

    • Theprincipleoftransparency

    Theprincipleoftransparency(Transparency)referstotheThetrademeasuresformulatedandimplementedandtheirchangesshallbeannounced.Measuresthathavenotbeenannouncedshallnotbeimplemented.Atthesametime,thesetrademeasuresandtheirchangesshallbenotifiedtotheWorldTradeOrganization.Inaddition,therelevantinternationalagreementsthatthememberpartiesparticipateinthataffectinternationaltradepoliciesshouldalsobeannouncedandnotifiedtotheWorldTradeOrganizationinatimelymanner.

    TheprincipleoftransparencyisanimportantprincipleoftheWorldTradeOrganization.ItisembodiedinthemainagreementsandagreementsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Accordingtothisprinciple,membersoftheWorldTradeOrganizationneedtoannouncetheeffectiveimplementationofcurrenttradepoliciesandregulations:

    (1)Customsregulations.Thatis,thecustoms'rulesonproductclassificationandvaluationmethods,thecustomsdutiesandtaxesandotherfeesleviedonimportandexportgoods;

    (2)relevantlawsandadministrativerulesandregulationsforimportandexportmanagement;

    (3)Domestictaxes,lawsandregulationsrelatedtoimportandexportcommodities;

    (4)Relatedlawsandregulationsonimportandexportcommodityinspectionandquarantine;

    (5)Foreignexchangemanagementrelatedtoimportandexportgoodsandtheirpayment,andgenerallawsandregulationsonforeignexchangemanagement;

    (6)Legislationandrulesandregulationsontheuseofforeigncapital;

    (7)Regulationsandregulationsrelatedtotheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrights;

    (8)Regulationsandregulationsrelatedtoexportprocessingzones,freetradezones,bordertradezones,andspecialeconomiczones;

    (9)relatedLawsandregulationsontradeinservices;

    (10)Arbitrationrulesandregulations;

    (11)CurrentbilateralormultilateraltradepoliciessignedbymembergovernmentsandtheirinstitutionsAgreements,agreements;

    (12)Otherdomesticlegislationoradministrativeregulationsaffectingtradebehavior.

    Theprincipleoftransparencystipulatesthatallmembersshallimplementtheabove-mentionedrelevantlaws,regulations,judgmentsanddecisionsinafair,reasonableanduniformmanner.Uniformityrequiresthattherelevantlawsandregulationsgoverningtradewithintheterritoryofthemembersshouldnotbetreateddifferently.Thatis,thecentralgovernmentshalluniformlypromulgaterelevantpoliciesandregulations,andthelawsandregulationspromulgatedbylocalgovernmentsontheabove-mentionedmattersshallnotconflictwiththecentralgovernmentinanyway.However,specialadministrativeregionsandlocalgovernmentsauthorizedbythecentralgovernmentareexcluded.Fairnessandreasonablenessrequirememberstoimplementtheprincipleofnon-discriminationintheimplementationoflawsandregulations.

    Theprincipleoftransparencyalsostipulatesthat,inviewoftheneedforinspectionandcorrectionofcustomsadministrativeactions,membersarerequiredtoretainorestablishjudicialorarbitraloradministrativeinstitutionsandproceduresassoonaspossible.Suchcourtsorproceduresareindependentoftheagencyresponsibleforadministrativeenforcement.Exceptthattheimportercanappealtoahighercourtoragencywithinthepermittedappealperiod,thedecisionwillbeenforcedbytheseagencies.

    Theprincipleoftransparencyhasplayedaveryimportantroleintherealizationoffairtradeandcompetition.

    • MarketAccessPrinciples

    WorldTradeOrganizationMarketAccessPrinciples(MarketAccess)Itisvisibleandgrowing.Itaimstorequirecountriestoopenuptheirmarkets.Itisplannedandstep-by-steptoachievemaximumtradeliberalizationinstages.Themaincontentofthemarketaccessprincipleincludestariffprotectionandconcession,theremovalofquantitativerestrictionsandtheprincipleoftransparency.TheWorldTradeOrganizationadvocatestheultimateeliminationofalltradebarriers,includingtariffsandnon-tariffbarriers.AlthoughtariffbarriersarestillalegalprotectionmethodallowedbytheWorldTradeOrganization,theleveloftariffsmustcontinuetodecline.

    • PrinciplesofPromotingFairCompetition

    TheWorldTradeOrganizationdoesnotallowcontractingpartiestotradeunfairlyMeansforunfaircompetition.Theexportofgoodsintheformofdumpingandsubsidiesisparticularlyprohibited.Dumpingandsubsidiesareclearlystipulated,andspecificanddetailedimplementationmeasureshavebeenformulated.TheWorldTradeOrganizationadvocatesadoptingfairtrademethodsforfaircompetition..

    • Theprincipleofeconomicdevelopment

    Alsoknownastheprincipleofencouragingeconomicdevelopmentandeconomicreform,thisprincipleWiththepurposeofhelpingandpromotingtherapideconomicdevelopmentofdevelopingcountries,itisformulatedfordevelopingcountriesandeconomicallyconnectedcountries.Itisaspecialpreferentialtreatmentgiventothesecountries,suchasallowingdevelopingcountriestoimplementimportquantityrestrictionsorincreasewithinacertainrange.The“governmentassistancetoeconomicdevelopment”clauseoftariffsonlyrequiresdevelopedcountriestounilaterallyassumeobligationswhiledevelopingcountriesenjoycertainpreferential“tradeanddevelopmentclauses”,andestablishesthatdevelopedcountriesgrantmorereformstodevelopingcountriesandcountriesintransition.ThelegalityoflongtransitionaltreatmentandGSPtreatment.

    • Theprincipleofnon-discrimination

    Thisprincipleincludestwoaspects,oneisthemostfavorednationTreatment,theotherisnationaltreatment.Membersgenerallycannotdiscriminatebetweentradingpartners;thepreferencesgiventoonemembershouldalsobegiventoothermembers.Thisisthemost-favored-nationtreatment.Thisprincipleisveryimportant.ItranksfirstintheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichgovernstradeingoods,thesecondintheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices,andthefirstintheAgreementonTrade-RelatedIntellectualPropertyRights.Four.Therefore,themost-favoured-nationtreatmentappliestoallthreetradeareasoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Nationaltreatmentmeansthatforeigngoods,servicesandintellectualpropertyrightsshouldbetreatedthesameaslocalones.Thefundamentalpurposeofmost-favoured-nationtreatmentistoensurethatothercontractingpartiesoutsidethecountrycancompetefairlywithenterprisesfromothercountriesinthedomesticmarket.Theprincipleofnon-discriminationisthecornerstoneoftheWorldTradeOrganization,animportantmeanstoavoidtradediscriminationandfriction,andanimportantguaranteeforachievingequaltradeamongcountries.

    1.Theprincipleofmost-favoured-nationtreatment:Amemberwillgivepreferentialtreatmenttoanyothercountryinthefieldsoftradeingoods,servicetradeandintellectualpropertyrights,andgiveothermembersimmediatelyandunconditionally.

    Keypoints:

    a.Automaticity:immediateandunconditional;

    b.Identity:thebeneficiariesmustbethesame;

    c.Mutuality:boththebeneficiaryandthebeneficiary,assumeobligationsandenjoyrightsatthesametime;

    d.Universality:Applicabletoallimportandexportproducts,servicetrade,andallsectorsandalltypesofknowledgePropertyownersandholders.

    Exceptions:

    A.Regionaleconomicarrangementsintheformofcustomsunionsandfreetradeareas,whicharemorepreferentialthanmost-favored-nationtreatmentintheseregions,andtheworldoutsidetheregionTradeorganizationmembershavenorighttoenjoy;

    B.Specialanddifferentialtreatmentfordevelopingmembers,suchasthegeneralsystemofpreferences;

    C.GiveneighboringcountriesinbordertradeFormoretradefacilitation;

    D.Inthefieldofintellectualpropertyrights,memberpartiesareallowedtoreserveexceptionsregardingtherightsenjoyedingeneraljudicialassistanceinternationalagreements.

    2.Theprincipleofnationaltreatment:thetreatmentprovidedtoothermembers’products,servicesandserviceprovidersandintellectualpropertyownersandholdersshallnotbelowerthanthatprovidedbysimilarproducts,servicesandservicesinthecountryAndthetreatmentenjoyedbyownersandholdersofintellectualpropertyrights.

    Keypoints:

    a.Applicableobjectsareproduct,serviceandserviceprovidersandintellectualpropertyownersandholders,butbecauseofthedifferentspecificbeneficiariesinthesefields,nationalsThescopeofapplication,specificrulesandimportanceofthetreatmentclausesaredifferent;

    b.Products,servicesandserviceprovidersandintellectualpropertyownersandholdersthatonlyinvolveothermembersareinvolvedinimportingmembers.Thetreatmentenjoyedwithintheterritory;

    c.Themeaningofthetermnolessthaninthedefinitionmeansthattheproducts,servicesandserviceprovidersofothermembersandtheownersandholdersofintellectualpropertyrightsshouldbeImportingmembersofsimilarproducts,sameservicesandserviceproviders,andownersandholdersofintellectualpropertyrightsenjoythesametreatment.Iftheimportingmembergivestheformerhighertreatment,itdoesnotviolatetheprincipleofnationaltreatment.

    Mainfunctions

    • Basicfunctions

    DevelopsupervisionandmanagementAndimplementthemultilateralandplurilateraltradeagreementsthattogetherconstitutetheWorldTradeOrganization;serveasaforumformultilateraltradenegotiations;seektoresolvetradedisputes;monitortradepoliciesofvariousmembers,andcooperatewithotherinternationalinstitutionsrelatedtotheformulationofglobaleconomicpolicies.

    ThegoaloftheWorldTradeOrganizationistoestablishacomplete,moredynamicandpermanentmultilateraltradingsystem.ComparedwiththeGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,thescopeoftheWTO’sjurisdictionincludestraditionalandtheUruguayRoundofgoodstrade,aswellasintellectualpropertyrights,investmentmeasures,andnon-goodstrade(servicetrade)thathavebeenoutsidetheGATTforalongtime.Andotherfields.TheWorldTradeOrganizationhasthestatusofalegalperson,andithashigherauthorityandeffectivenessinmediatingdisputesamongmembers.

    • Fivefunctions

    Managementfunctions:TheWorldTradeOrganizationisresponsibleforthetradepoliciesofitsmembersSuperviseandmanagelawsandregulations,andreviewthemregularlytoensuretheirlegitimacy.

    Organizationalfunctions:Inordertoachievetheestablishedgoalsofvariousagreementsandagreements,theWorldTradeOrganizationhastherighttoorganizeandimplementvarioustradeagreementsandagreementsunderitsjurisdiction,andactivelytakevariouseffectivemeasures.

    Coordinationfunction:TheWorldTradeOrganizationcoordinatesitsrelationswithinternationalorganizationsandinstitutionssuchastheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldBanktoensuretheconsistencyandcohesionofglobaleconomicdecision-making.

    Regulatoryfunction:Whendisputesandconflictsoccurbetweenmembers,theWorldTradeOrganizationisresponsibleforresolvingthem.

    Providefunctions:TheWorldTradeOrganizationprovidesitsmemberswithavenuefornegotiationandrelatedmattersofvariousagreementsandagreements,andprovidesnecessarytechnicalassistancetodevelopingcountriestohelptheirdevelopment.

    • Basicrights

    (1)Enableproductsandservicesandintellectualpropertyrightsin150Themembersenjoyunconditional,multilateral,permanentandstablemost-favoured-nationtreatmentandnationaltreatment;

    (2)Theindustrialproductsandsemi-manufacturedproductsexportedbymostdevelopedcountriesreceivetheGSPtreatment;

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    (3)Enjoymostofthepreferentialortransitionalarrangementsofdevelopingcountrymembers;

    (4)EnjoythebenefitsofopeninguporexpandingmarketaccessforgoodsandservicesbyotherWorldTradeOrganizationmembers;

    (5)UsethedisputesettlementmechanismoftheWorldTradeOrganizationtofairly,objectivelyandreasonablyresolveeconomicandtradefrictionswithothercountriesandcreateagoodenvironmentforeconomicandtradedevelopment;

    (6)Participateintheactivitiesofthemultilateraltradingsystemtoobtainthedecision-makingpowerofinternationaleconomicandtraderules;

    (7)EnjoytherightofWTOmemberstousevariousrules,takeexceptions,andguaranteemeasurestopromotetheirowneconomicandtradedevelopment.

    • Basicobligations

    (1)Intermsofgoods,services,intellectualpropertyrights,etc.,AccordingtotheprovisionsoftheWorldTradeOrganization,othermembersaregrantedmost-favored-nationtreatmentandnationaltreatment;

    (2)AccordingtotherelevantagreementsoftheWorldTradeOrganization,expandthemarketaccessofgoodsandservices,thatis,specificrequirementsforloweringtariffsandregulationsNon-tariffmeasures,andgraduallyexpandtheopeningoftheservicetrademarket;

    (3)FurtherregulatetheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsaccordingtotheprovisionsoftheIntellectualPropertyAgreement;

    (4)AccordingtothedisputesettlementmechanismandotherMembersresolvetradefrictionsfairlyandcannotengageinunilateralretaliation;

    (5)Increasethetransparencyoftradepoliciesandregulations;

    (6)Regulateinvestmentmeasuresforforeigninvestmentingoodstrade;

    (7)Payacertainmembershipfeeaccordingtotheproportionoftheworld’sexports.

    Institutionalsettings

    • Meetingmechanism

    MinisterLevelMeeting

    ThehighestauthorityoftheWTO.Itiscomposedofalltheministersinchargeofforeigntradeandeconomiccooperation,deputyministerialofficialsortheirplenipotentiaryrepresentatives.Theministerialconferenceisheldatleastonceeverytwoyears.Theministerialconferencehasawiderangeofpowers,including:legislativepower;quasi-judicialpower;Obligationsunderspecificcircumstances;toapproveapplicationsforobtainingWTOobserverqualificationssubmittedbynon-WTOmembers.

    • Permanentestablishment

    GeneralCouncil

    DuringtheadjournmentoftheCouncilofMinisters,theGeneralCouncilcomposedofrepresentativesofallmemberswillactonbehalfoftheCouncilofMinisters.TheGeneralCouncilmaymeetatanytimeasnecessarytodrawupitsownrulesofprocedureandagenda.Meetingsareheldatanytimetoperformitsdutiesofresolvingtradedisputesandreviewingtradepoliciesofeachmember.

    TheGeneralCouncilconsistsoftheGoodsTradeCouncil,theServiceTradeCouncil,andtheIntellectualPropertyCouncil.Thesecouncilsmaydrafttheirownrulesofprocedureaccordingtothesituation,andimplementthemafterbeingapprovedbythegeneralcouncil.Allmemberscanparticipateineachcouncil.

    Specialcommittees

    Specialcommitteesaresetupundertheministerialmeetingsofspecialcommitteestodealwithspecifictradeandotherrelatedmatters.Morethan10specialcommitteeshavebeenestablished,includingtheTradeandDevelopmentCommittee;theInternationalBalanceofPaymentsRestrictionCommittee;theBudget,FinanceandAdministrationCommittee;andtheTradeandEnvironmentCommittee.

    SecretariatandDirector-General

    SecretariatandDirector-General:SecretariatstaffareappointedbytheDirector-GeneralandtheyaredeterminedaccordingtotherulesadoptedbytheCouncilofMinistersResponsibilitiesandconditionsofservice.

    TheCouncilofMinistersclarifiedthepowers,responsibilities,conditionsofserviceandtermrulesoftheDirector-General.TheDirector-GeneraloftheWorldTradeOrganizationmainlyhasthefollowingresponsibilities:hecanexertmaximuminfluenceonthemembersandrequirethemtoabidebytherulesoftheWorldTradeOrganization;theDirector-GeneralshouldconsiderandforeseethebestdevelopmentpolicyoftheWorldTradeOrganization;andhelpmemberssolvetheirproblems.Responsiblefortheworkofthesecretariat,managingthebudgetandadministrativeaffairsrelatedtoallmembers;presidingoverconsultationsandinformalnegotiationstoavoiddisputes.

    Members

    AsofMarch2020,theofficialwebsiteshowsthattheWorldTradeOrganizationhas164members.WTOmembersaredividedintofourcategories:developedmembers,developingmembers,andtransitioneconomiesmembersAndtheleastdevelopedmembers.

    AnycountryoracustomsterritorywithafullyautonomoustradepolicyiseligibletojointheWorldTradeOrganizationandbecomeitsmember.

    • Members

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    Year

    JoinMember

    1995

    AntiguaandBarbuda

    Australia

    Bahrain

    Barbados

    Gabon

    Hungary

    Honduras

    EuropeanUnion

    Guyana

    Ghana

    Finland

    MultiplemetersNepal

    NewZealand

    Namibia

    Mexico

    Malaysia

    Luxembourg

    Kuwait

    Kenya

    India

    Japan

    Ireland

    Denmark

    Cameroon

    UnitedKingdom

    Uganda

    Tanzania

    Sweden

    Suriname

    Spain

    Slovakia

    SaintLucia

    Senegal

    Peru

    Pakistan

    Norway

    Iceland

    Greece

    Germany

    France

    CostaRica

    Chile

    Brunei

    Belgium

    Austria

    Argentina

    Zambia

    Uruguay

    SaintVincentandtheGrenadines

    Romania

    Portugal

    Philippines

    Paraguay

    Nigeria

    Netherlands

    Myanmar

    Morocco

    Mauritius

    Malta

    Macao,China

    Israel

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    Cuba

    Jamaica

    Turkey

    Tunisia

    Dominica

    Zimbabwe

    SriLanka

    TrinidadandTobago

    Bangladesh

    Venezuela

    Singapore

    UnitedStates

    Thailand

    Swaziland

    SouthAfrica

    Mauritania

    Mali

    Guinea-Bissau

    ElSalvador

    Botswana

    Togo

    CentralAfrica

    Colombia

    Malawi

    Maldives

    Lesotho

    Djibouti

    Poland

    Indonesia

    SouthKorea

    HongKong,China

    BoLeeds

    Brazil

    Canada

    Côted’Ivoire

    CzechRepublic

    Switzerland

    BurkinaFaso

    Egypt

    Guatemala

    Burundi

    SierraLeone

    Cyprus

    Slovenia

    Mozambique

    Liechtenstein

    Nicaragua

    Bolivia

    Guinea

    Madagascar

    1996

    St.KittsAndNevis

    Qatar

    Grenada

    Benin

    UnitedArabEmirates

    Fiji

    Ecuador

    Haiti

    Bulgaria

    Niger

    Gambia

    Angola

    Chad

    SolomonIslands

    PapuaNewGuinea

    Rwanda

    1997

    Congo(Kinshasa)

    Mongolia

    Congo(Brazzaville)

    Panama

    1998

    Kyrgyzstan

    1999

    Latvia

    Estonia

    2000

    Jordan

    Georgia

    Albania

    Oman

    Croatia

    2001

    Lithuania

    Moldova

    People’sRepublicofChina

    2002

    Taiwan,Penghu,Jinmaandindividualtariffareas

    2003

    Armenia

    Macedonia

    2004

    Nepal

    Cambodia

    2005

    SaudiArabia

    2006

    Vietnam

    2007

    Tonga

    2008

    Ukraine

    CapeVerde

    2012

    Montenegro

    Samoa

    Russia

    Vanuatu

    2013

    Laos

    Tajikistan

    Yemen

    2015

    Seychelles

    Kazakhstan

    Liberia

    Afghanistan

    MemberInformation:

    • Observer

    Algeria

    Andorra

    Azerbaijan

    Bahamas

    Belarus

    BosniaandHerzegovina

    Comoros

    Curaçao

    EquatorialGuinea

    Ethiopia

    HolySee

    Iran

    Iraq

    LebaneseRepublic

    Libya

    SaoTomeandPrincipe

    Serbia

    Somali

    SouthSudan

    Sudan

    SyrianArabRepublic

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    EastTimor

    Uzbekistan

    Bhutan

    Observerinformation:

    TreatyRegulations

    TreatyAgreements

    BaliMinisterialDeclaration,SingaporeMinisterialDeclaration,SingaporeDeclaration,MinisterialConferenceDeclaration,MinisterialDeclaration,Asia-PacificInformationInfrastructureSeoulDeclaration,JointDeclaration,BogorDeclaration,OsakaActionAgenda,GoldCoastDeclaration,CancunDeclaration,ActionPlan

    Regulations

    MutualRecognitionArrangement(MRA)""GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade","GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices","Trade-RelatedIntellectualPropertyAgreement","IntellectualPropertyAgreement","MarrakeshAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganization","MultilateralAgreementonTradeinGoods","ServicesGeneralAgreementonTrade"Trade-relatedKnowledgePropertyRightsAgreement,"UnderstandingonDisputeSettlementRulesandProcedures","TradePolicyReviewMechanism","MarrakeshAgreementEstablishingtheWorldTradeOrganization","UnderstandingonWorldTradeOrganizationDisputeSettlementRulesandProcedures"

    Managementcollective

    termofoffice

    Name

    Nationality

    Director-GeneraloftheWorldTradeOrganization

    January1,1995-May1,1995

    PeterSutherland

    Ireland

    May1,1995-September1,1999

    RenatoRuggiero

    Italy

    September1,1999-September1,2002

    MichaelMoore

    NewZealand

    September1,2002—September1,2005

    SupachaiPanipati

    Thailand

    September1,2005-September1,2013Day

    PascalLamy

    France

    September1,2013-August31,2020

    RobertoAzevedo

    Brazil

    20213From1sttoAugust31st,2025

    NgoziOconcho-Ibeala

    Nigeria

    CulturalTradition

    ImageLogo

    OnOctober9,1997,theWorldTradeOrganizationlaunchedanewlogo.Thelogoiscomposedofsixupwardcurvedarcs,theupperthreeandthelowerthreeareinred,blue,andgreencolors.ThelogomeansthatthevibrantWorldTradeOrganizationwillplayakeyroleinthesustainedandorderlyexpansionofworldtrade.ThespherecomposedofsixarcsindicatesthattheWorldTradeOrganizationisaninternationalorganizationcomposedofdifferentmembers.Thelogoisdynamicafteralongtime,symbolizingthevitalityoftheWorldTradeOrganization.ThedesignerofthelogoisYangShufromSingapore.HerdesignadoptsthegesturesoftraditionalChinesecalligraphy.Thesixarcshavetherhythmofbrushcalligraphystartingandending.

    Organizationlanguage

    Theofficiallanguages​​oftheWorldTradeOrganizationareEnglish,FrenchandSpanish.Ithaslegaleffect;thesignificanceofincludingEnglish,French,andSpanishtextsisthatwhendisputeswithWTOmembersoccur,theprovisionsinthesetextscanbedirectlyinvokedandapplied,andhaveformallegaleffect;theyincludethelegaldocumentsofChina’saccessiontotheWTO.Chinesetranslation,sothatreaderswhoarenotaccustomedtoreadingforeignlanguages​​canlearnandmasterWTOrules.

    Significanceofevaluation

    MaintainingthemultilateraltradingsystemwiththeWorldTradeOrganizationasthecoreisofgreatsignificanceforpromotinginternationaltradeandthestabledevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.TheWorldTradeOrganizationhascreatednewmechanismsandproceduresforresolvingglobaltradedisputes,includingsettingupadisputesettlementmechanismanditsappellatebody,andestablishingarulingmechanismwiththeenforcementeffectofinternationallaw.Therefore,itiscalledaninternationalorganizationwith“teeth”.(ChinaNewsNetworkReview)

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