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Graphics card



Overview

Thegraphicscard,alsoknownasthevideocard(Videocard),isanimportantpartofthecomputer.Itisresponsibleforthetaskofoutputtinganddisplayinggraphics.Forpeople,thegraphicscardisveryimportant.ThedisplaychipsofmainstreamgraphicscardsaremainlymanufacturedbyNVIDIAandAMD(SuperPowerSemiconductor).GraphicscardsthatuseNVIDIAdisplaychipsareusuallycalledNcards,andthosethatuseAMDdisplaychipsarecalledAcards.

Computerswithhigherconfigurationsallincludegraphicscardcomputingcores.Inscientificcomputing,thegraphicscardiscalledadisplayacceleratorcard.

Videochipsetisthemainprocessingunitofthegraphicscard,soitisalsocalledtheGraphicProcessingUnit(GPU).TheGPUwasfirstproposedbyNVIDIAwhenitreleasedtheGeForce256graphicsprocessingchip.concept.Especiallywhendealingwith3Dgraphics,theGPUenablesthegraphicscardtoreducethedependenceontheCPUandcompletepartoftheworkoriginallybelongingtotheCPU.ThecoretechnologiesusedbytheGPUincludehardwareT&L(geometricconversionandlightingprocessing),cubicenvironmenttexturemappingandvertexblending,texturecompressionandbumpmapping,dualtexturefour-pixel256-bitrenderingengine,etc.,andhardwareT&LtechnologyItcanbesaidtobeasignofGPU.

Thevarious3Dspecialeffectssupportedbythegraphicscardaredeterminedbytheperformanceofthegraphicschip.Thetypeofgraphicschipusedroughlydeterminesthegradeandbasicperformanceofthegraphicscard,suchasNVIDIA'sGTseriesandAMD'sHDseries.

Therearemanywaystomeasurethequalityofagraphicscard.Inadditiontousingtestsoftwaretotestandcompare,therearemanyindicatorsforuserstocomparetheperformanceofthegraphicscard.Themainfactorsthataffecttheperformanceofthegraphicscardarethefrequencyofthegraphicscard,displaymemory,etc.Performance.

Workingprincipleandmode

Thegraphicscardisinsertedintotheexpansionslotonthemotherboard(usuallyPCI-Eslot,therewereAGP,PCI,ISAandotherslotsbefore).Itismainlyresponsibleforconvertingthedisplaysignalsentbythehosttothedisplayintoageneralelectricalsignal,sothatthedisplaycanunderstandwhatthepersonalcomputerismakingitdo.Thegraphicscardismainlycomposedofgraphicscardmotherboard,displaychip,displaymemory,radiator(heatsink,fan)andotherparts.Themainchipofthegraphicscardiscalled"Videochipset"(alsocalledGPUorVPU,graphicsprocessororvisualprocessor),whichisthemainprocessingunitofthegraphicscard.Thegraphicscardalsohasamemorysimilartothecomputermemory,called"displaymemory",orvideomemoryforshort.

Earlygraphicscardswerepurelygraphicscards,whichonlyplayedtheroleofsignalconversion;thegraphicscardswegenerallyusehave3Dgraphicscalculationsandgraphicsaccelerationfunctions,sotheyarealsocalled"graphicsaccelerationcards"or"3Dacceleratorcard".TheearliestgraphicscardsonthePCweretheMDAandCGA2Dacceleratorcardsthatwereinstalledonthe5150personalcomputerlaunchedbyIBMin1981.

Thegraphicscardisusuallycomposedofbusinterface,PCBboard,displaychip,videomemory,RAMDAC,VGABIOS,VGAfunctionpins,D-subsocketandotherperipheralcomponents.MostgraphicscardsalsohaveVGAandDVIdisplayinterfacesOrHDMIinterfaceandS-VideoterminalandDisplayPortinterface.

Categories

Integratedgraphics

CPUsequippedwithcoregraphicscardsareusuallynotexpensive,andlow-endcoresareclearlydifficulttohandlelarge-scalegames.Theintegratedgraphicscardisacomponentthatintegratesthedisplaychip,videomemoryandrelatedcircuitsonthemotherboard,andintegrateswithit;thedisplaychipoftheintegratedgraphicscardhasaseparate,butmostofthemareintegratedinthenorthbridgechipofthemotherboard;somemotherboardsareintegratedThegraphicscardalsohasaseparatevideomemoryinstalledonthemotherboard,butitscapacityisrelativelysmall.Thedisplayeffectandprocessingperformanceoftheintegratedgraphicscardarerelativelyweak,andhardwareupgradesofthegraphicscardcannotbeperformed.However,youcanuseCMOStoadjustthefrequencyorflashanewBIOSfiletoachievesoftwareupgradestotapthepotentialofthedisplaychip.Theadvantagesofintegratedgraphicsarelowpowerconsumptionandlowheat.Theperformanceofsomeintegratedgraphicscanbecomparabletoentry-leveldiscretegraphics,somanypeoplewholiketoassemblecomputersbythemselvescangetthemselveswithoutspendingextramoneytobuydiscretegraphics.Satisfactoryperformance.

Thedisadvantageoftheintegratedgraphicscardisthattheperformanceisrelativelylow,anditissolidifiedonthemotherboardorCPU.Itcannotbereplacedbyitself.Ifitmustbereplaced,themotherboardcanonlybereplaced.

Discretegraphicscard

Discretegraphicscardreferstothedisplaychip,videomemoryandrelatedcircuitsbuiltonacircuitboard,whichisself-containedandexistsasanindependentboard.Needtooccupythemotherboardexpansionslot(ISA,PCI,AGPorPCI-E).Theadvantageofadiscretegraphicscardisthatithasaseparateinstallationofvideomemory,generallydoesnotoccupysystemmemory,andistechnicallymuchmoreadvancedthanintegratedgraphics,butitsperformanceiscertainlynotworsethanthatofintegratedgraphics,anditiseasytoupgradethehardwareofthegraphicscard.Thedisadvantageofthediscretegraphicscardisthatthepowerconsumptionofthesystemhasincreased,theheatgenerationisalsolarger,itneedstospendextramoneytobuythegraphicscard,andatthesametime(especiallyfornotebookcomputers)takesupmorespace.Astheperformanceofthegraphicscardhasdifferentrequirementsforthegraphicscard,discretegraphicscardsareactuallydividedintotwocategories,onetypeisentertainmentgraphicscardsdesignedspecificallyforgames,andtheotherisprofessionalgraphicscardsusedforgraphicsand3Drendering.

HDGraphics

HDGraphicsisthenewgenerationgraphicsprocessingcoreofIntelproducts.Unlikepreviousgraphicscarddesigns,IntelreliesonitsadvancedtechnologyintheprocessormanufacturingprocessandnewThearchitecturedesignintegratesthegraphicscoreandtheprocessingcoreonthesamesubstratetoformacompleteprocessor.Thedesignintegrationoftheintelligentprocessorarchitecturegreatlyreducesthedataturnaroundtimebetweentheprocessingcore,graphicscore,memoryandmemorycontroller,effectivelyimprovingprocessingefficiencyandgreatlyreducingtheoverallpowerconsumptionofthechipset,whichhelpstoreducethecorecomponentsThesizeprovidesmoreoptionsforthedesignofnotebooks,all-in-onesandotherproducts.

Itshouldbenotedthatthecoregraphicscardisnotthesameastheintegratedgraphicscardinthetraditionalsense.Thegraphicssolutionsadoptedbythenotebookplatformaremainly"independent"and"integrated".Theformerhasaseparategraphicscoreandindependentvideomemory,whichcanmeetthecomplexandhugegraphicsprocessingneedsandprovideefficientvideoencodingapplications;integratedgraphicscardsThegraphicscoreisintegratedonthemotherboardasaseparatechip,andpartofthesystemmemoryisdynamicallysharedasavideomemory,soitcanprovidesimplegraphicsprocessingcapabilitiesandsmoothercodingapplications.

Comparedwiththefirsttwo,thecoregraphicscardintegratesthegraphicscoreintotheprocessor,furtherenhancingtheefficiencyofgraphicsprocessing,andintegratesthe"processor+southbridge+northbridge(graphics)intheintegratedgraphicscard.The"core+memorycontrol+displayoutput)"three-chipsolutionisreducedtoadual-chipmodeof"processor(processingcore+graphicscore10memorycontrol)10motherboardchips(displayoutput)",whicheffectivelyreducestheoverallpowerconsumptionofthecorecomponents,Whichismoreconducivetoextendingthebatterylifeofthenotebook.

Lowpowerconsumptionisthemainadvantageofthecoregraphicscard.Duetothenewstreamlinedarchitectureandintegrateddesign,thecoregraphicscardhasbettercontroloftheoverallenergyconsumption,andtheefficientprocessingperformancegreatlyreducesthecomputingtime.Furtherreducetheenergyconsumptionofthesystemplatform.Highperformanceisalsoitsmainadvantage:coregraphicscardshavemanyadvantageoustechnologies,whichcanbringsufficientgraphicsprocessingcapabilities,andtheirperformanceisveryobviouscomparedwiththepreviousgenerationofproducts.

ThecoregraphicscardcansupportDX10/DX11,SM4.0,OpenGL2.0,andFullHDFullHDMPEG2/H.264/VC-1formatdecodingandothertechnologies.Theperformancedynamicadjustmentwillbeaddedsoon.Significantlyenhancetheprocessingpowerofthecoregraphicscard,sothatitfullymeetstheneedsofordinaryusers.

Structure

Thestructureofageneralgraphicscardisasfollows:

  • Capacitor:CapacitorisaveryimportantcomponentinthegraphicscardbecauseofthedisplayqualityTheprosandconsmainlydependonthequalityofthecapacitor,andthequalityofthecapacitordirectlyaffectsthequalityofthegraphicscardcircuit.

  • Videomemory:Videomemoryisresponsibleforstoringvariousdatathatthedisplaychipneedstoprocess.Itscapacityandperformancedirectlyaffectthedisplayeffectofthecomputer.ThenewgraphicscardsalluseDDR6/DDR5videomemory,andthemainstreamvideomemorycapacityisgenerally2GB~4GB.

  • GPUandfan:GPUisthegraphicschip,itisresponsibleformostofthecalculationworkofthegraphicscard,whichisequivalenttotheroleoftheCPUinthecomputer.ThefunctionoftheGPUfanistodissipateheattotheGPU.

  • Graphicsinterface:Usuallycalledgoldenfinger,itcanbedividedintothreetypes:PCI,AGPandPCIExpress.PCIandAGPgraphicsinterfacearebasicallyeliminated,andmainstreamgraphicscardsonthemarketareadoptedPCIExpressgraphicscard.

  • Peripheralinterface:Theperipheralinterfaceofthegraphicscardisresponsiblefortheoutputtaskofthegraphicscard.ThenewgraphicscardincludesatraditionalVGAanaloginterfaceandoneormoredigitalinterfaces(DVI,HDMIandDP).

  • Bridgeinterface:Mid-to-high-endgraphicscardscansupportmultipleworkatthesametime,andtheyareconnectedtothebridgeinterfacethroughabridge.

Businterfacetype

ISAgraphicscard

ISAgraphicscardistheoldgraphicscardsupportedbythemostcommonlyusedVGAmonitorbefore.

VESAgraphicscard

VESAis"VideoElectronicStandardsAssociation"(VideoElectronicsEngineeringStandardsAssociation)abbreviation,co-foundedbyanumberofcomputerchipmanufacturersin1989.Attheendof1994,VESApublishedthe64-bitarchitecture"VESALocalBus"standard.Mostofthe80486personalcomputersusethisstandardgraphicscard.

PCIgraphicscard

PCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect)graphicscardsareusuallyusedinearlierorstreamlinedcomputers.ThistypeofcomputermustremovetheAGPstandardslotRelyonagraphicscardwithaPCIinterface.Knowntobeusedmostlyfromthe486totheearlyeraofPentiumII.ButuntilthedisplaychipcannotdirectlysupportAGP,somemanufacturerscontinuetomanufacturegraphicscardsbasedonAGPtoPCI.ThelatestknownPCIinterfacegraphicscardsareGeForceGT610PCI(SPARKLEsystem)modelGRSP610L1024LCandATIHD4350PCI(HISsystem)andHISHD5450PCI(HISsystem)HIS5450Silence512MBDDR3PCIDVI/HDMI/VGAProductnumberH545H512P.

AGPgraphicscard

AGP(AcceleratedGraphicsPort)isIntel(Intel)32-bitbusinterfacedevelopedbythecompanyin1996toimprovethedisplayperformanceincomputersystems.ThereareAGP1X,AGP2X,AGP4X,andfinallyAGP8X,withbandwidthsof266MB/s,533MB/s,1066MB/s,and2133MB/s.Amongthem,AGP4Xisnotcompatiblewiththepreviousvoltage.Amongthem,"Wildcat47210"​​of3DLABSisthestrongestprofessional-gradeAGPgraphicsacceleratorcard,whileATI'sRadeonHD4670andHD3850arethemostpowerfulconsumer-gradeAGPgraphicsacceleratorcardsoftheyear(2007).

PCIExpressgraphicscard

PCIExpress(alsoknownasPCI-E)isthelatestgraphicsinterfaceforgraphicscards.ItisusedtoreplaceAGPgraphicscards.Facedwiththecontinuousadvancementof3Ddisplaytechnologyinthefuture,AGPThebandwidthisnotenoughtocopewithhugedataoperations.ThemostpowerfulPCI-ExpressgraphicscardsareNVIDIA’s"NVIDIATitanV"andAMD’s"RadeonProDuo(Fiji)."Atpresent,thegraphicscardsproducedafter2007cansupportdualgraphicstechnology(NVIDIA'sSLiandnvlinkandAMD'sCrossFire).

ExternalPCIExpressgraphicscard

UseaUSBorThunderbolthigh-bandwidthcabletoconnecttoanexternalPCIExpressgraphicsbox,whichrequiresanindependentpowersupply.

Performanceindicators

Graphicscardfrequency

Graphicscardfrequencymainlyreferstothecorefrequencyandmemoryfrequencyofthegraphicscard,bothinMHz(megahertz).

(1)Corefrequency

Thecorefrequencyofthegraphicscardreferstotheoperatingfrequencyofthedisplaycore,anditsoperatingfrequencycanreflectthedisplaycoretoacertainextentTheperformanceofthegraphicscard,buttheperformanceofthegraphicscardisdeterminedbythecorefrequency,streamprocessorunit,videomemoryfrequency,videomemorybitwidthandotheraspects.Therefore,inthecaseofdifferentgraphicscores,thehighcorefrequencydoesnotmeantheperformanceofthisgraphicscardStrong.Forexample,thecorefrequencyofGTS250hasreached750MHz,whichishigherthan576MHzofGTX260+,butGTX260+isdefinitelystrongerthanGTS250inperformance.Inthesamelevelofchips,thehigherthecorefrequency,thestrongertheperformance.Thereareonlytwomainstreamdisplaychips,AMDandNVIDIA,bothofwhichprovidedisplaycorestothird-partymanufacturers.Underthesamedisplaycore,somemanufacturerswillappropriatelyincreasethedisplaycorefrequencyoftheirproductstomakethemworkhigherthanthefixeddisplaycore.Inordertoachievehigherperformance.

(2)Videomemoryfrequency

Thevideomemoryfrequencyreflectsthespeedofthevideomemorytoacertainextent.Thelevelofthevideomemoryfrequencyhasaverylargerelationshipwiththetypeofvideomemory.

Thevideomemoryfrequencyandthevideomemoryclockperiodarerelated,andthetwoareinareciprocalrelationship,thatis,thevideomemoryfrequency(MHz)=1/thevideomemoryclockperiod(NS)Xl000.Butitshouldbeunderstoodthatwhenthegraphicscardismanufactured,themanufacturersetstheactualworkingfrequencyofthevideomemory,andtheactualworkingfrequencyisnotnecessarilyequaltothemaximumfrequencyofthevideomemory.Suchsituationsaremorecommon.

Displaymemory

Displaymemoryisabbreviatedasvideomemory,alsoknownasframebuffer.Asthenamesuggests,itsmainfunctionistotemporarilystoretherenderingdataprocessedorabouttobeextractedbythedisplaychip,similartothatofamotherboard.Memoryisoneofthemainperformanceindicatorstomeasurethegraphicscard.

Thevideomemoryisthesameasthesystemmemory.Themorecapacitythebetter,thestrongerthegraphicscoreperformance,thelargerthevideomemoryrequired,becausethelargerthevideomemory,themoreimagedatacanbestored.Thehigherthesupportedresolutionandthenumberofcolors,thesmootherthegamewillrun.

Mainstreamgraphicscardsbasicallyhavea6GBcapacity,whilesomemid-to-high-endgraphicscardsareequippedwith6GBand8GBvideomemorycapacities.

Videomemorytype

Thevideomemorytypeisthetypeofstoragetechnologyusedbythegraphicscardmemory.ThemainvideomemorytypesonthemarketareSDDR2,GDDR2,GDDR3andGDDR5,butmostofthemainstreamgraphicscardsuseInadditiontotheGDDR3memorytype,somemid-to-high-endgraphicscardsuseGDDR5.ComparedwithDDR3,DDR5typegraphicscardshavehigherfrequenciesandmorepowerfulperformance.

Videomemorybitwidth

Thevideomemorybitwidthreferstotheamountofdatathatcanbereadatonetime,thatis,thespeedofdataexchangebetweenthevideomemoryandthedisplaychip.Thelargerthebitwidth,thesmootherthedataexchangebetweenthevideomemoryandthedisplaychip.Generallyspeaking,thespecificationofacertaingraphicscardis2GB128bit,where128bitreferstothevideomemorybitwidthofthisgraphicscard.

Streamprocessorunit

BeforetheDX10graphicscardcameout,therewasnosuchthingasa"streamprocessor".TheGPUiscomposedof"pipelines",whicharedividedintopixelpipelinesandvertexpipelines,thenumberofwhichisfixed.Simplyput,thevertexpipelineismainlyresponsiblefor3Dmodeling,andthepixelpipelineisresponsiblefor3Drendering.Sincetheirnumberisfixed,thereisaproblem.Whenagamescenerequiresalotof3Dmodelingwithouttoomuchpixelprocessing,itwillcausethevertexpipelineresourcetobetightandthepixelpipelinetobeidle.Ofcourse,therearealsoThediametricallyoppositesituation.Thiswillcausetheshortageofsomeresourcesandtheidlewasteofotherresources.Undersuchcircumstances,peoplefirstproposedthe"unifiedrenderingarchitecture"intheDX10era.Thegraphicscardcanceledthetraditional"pixelpipeline"and"vertexpipeline"andchangedittoastreamprocessorunit.ItcanperformvertexcalculationsorPerformpixeloperations,sothatindifferentscenarios,thegraphicscardcandynamicallyallocatethenumberofstreamprocessorsforvertexoperationsandpixeloperationstoachievefulluseofresources.

Thenumberofstreamprocessorshasbecomeaveryimportantindicatorthatdeterminestheperformanceofthegraphicscard.NVIDIAandAMDarealsoconstantlyincreasingthenumberofstreamprocessorsinthegraphicscardsothattheperformanceofthegraphicscardhasreachedaleap,ItisworthmentioningthattheGPUarchitectureofNcardandAcardisnotthesame,andtheallocationofthenumberofstreamprocessorsisalsodifferent.Thetwosidesarenotcomparable.

Displayinterface

Thefollowingarecommonlyuseddisplayinterfaces:

  • ADC-Appledisplayterminal

  • D-sub-MostpeoplecalltheVGAterminal,butmostgraphicscardshavecancelledthisinterfaceandonlyretainDVIandHDMI

  • 13W3-analogvideoInterface,commonlyusedinearlygraphicsworkstations.

  • DVI-digitalvideointerface,coexistswiththeD-subconnectorinthecurrentmarket,andcanbeconvertedintoaD-subconnector

  • mini-DVI-usedbyAppleisareducedversionofDVI,whichcanbeconvertedtoDVIorD-sub

  • HDMI-anewtypeofaudio-visualhomeapplianceinterface,graphicscardsarecommonlyused,ItcanbeconvertedtoaDVIconnector

  • DisplayPort-anewinterfacethatcompeteswithHDMI

  • TheevolutionofMiniDisplayPort-DisplayPort

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  • LFH-DMS-59Interfacepredecessor

  • DMS-59-atypethatcanoutputtwoGroupanalogandtwogroupsofdigitalsignalinterface

  • Thunderbolt-ahigh-speeddatainterfacejointlydevelopedbyAppleandIntel,backwardcompatiblewithMiniDisplayPortdevices,thenewgenerationusesUSB3.1TypeC.

Well-knowncompanies

Thefollowingcompanieshavebeenorareproducingdisplaychipsorgraphicscards;includingcompaniesthathavecloseddown,exitedthegraphicscardmarket,orweremerged.

  • 3dfx(acquiredbyNVIDIA)

  • 3DLABS

  • AccelGraphics

  • AvanceLogic

  • AMD(SuperMicro)

  • Appian

  • ArtistGraphics

  • ArkLogic

  • ATI(Tian,​​ithasbeenacquiredbyAMD)

  • Canopus

  • CirrusLogic

  • Colorgraphic(colormap)

  • Creative(innovation)

  • DEC(DiGuido)

  • DiamondMultimedia(EmperorLeague)

  • DynamicPictures

  • Everex

  • Genoa

  • Headland

  • Hercules

  • IODATA

  • Intel(Intel)

  • Intense3D

  • IXMicro

  • Kasan

  • LungHwa(Longhua)

  • Macronix(Macronix)

  • Matrox(迈创)

  • Matsushita(Panasonic)

  • Motorola(Motorola)

  • Mpact

  • NEC(NipponElectric)

  • NumberNine

  • NVIDIA

  • Orchid(Orchid)

  • OAK

  • PowerVR

  • Quantum3D(Quantum3D)

  • Realtek(Realtek)

  • RealVision

  • Rendition

  • S3Graphics

  • SigmaDesigns

  • SiS(SiS)

  • STBSystems

  • STMicroelectronics(STMicroelectronics)

  • Tandy

  • TechSource

  • Trident(Tandy)

  • TsengLabs(曾氏)

  • WesternDesignCenter

  • Weitek

  • XGI(TuCheng)

  • ASUS(ASUS)

  • GIGABYTE(GIGABYTE)

  • MSI(MicroStar)

  • EVGA(艾维克))

  • PowerColoer

  • Galaxy(GALAXY)

  • Zotac

Classificationofcurrentmainstreamgraphicscards

Thehighest-endgraphicscard:Thecurrenthighest-endgraphicscardisthe30seriesgraphicscard.

Mainstream:Sincethe30-seriesgraphicscardshavejustbeenlaunched,mostplayers’mainstreamgraphicscardsarestill16-seriesand20-seriesgraphicscards.

Mid-endgraphicscards:9thgenerationgraphicscardsand10seriesgraphicscards.

Low-endgraphicscards:7thgenerationandbelowgraphicscards

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