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Social psychology



DevelopmentHistory

RecallingthedevelopmenthistoryofWesternsocialpsychology,wecanroughlydivideitintoseveralstages:

1.WesternsocialpsychologyThesproutandbirthofscience(fromtheendofthe19thcenturytothebeginningofthe20thcentury)

In1908,theAmericansociologistRoss's"SocialPsychology"andtheBritishpsychologistMaiDugu(McDougall's"IntroductiontoSocialPsychology"waspublishedcoincidentally.TheWestregardsthisyearasthebirthofsocialpsychology.Inthe1920s,socialpsychologistsintheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionsuccessivelyintroducedscientificexperimentalmethodsintothissubject,whichenabledsocialpsychologytoshiftfromdescribingobjectstoexploringandrevealinglaws,andsocialpsychologybecameanindependentscience.ItsfounderisrecognizedasF.Allport.

In1924,theAmericanpsychologistAllportpublishedtheexperiment-based"SocialPsychology",announcingtheofficialbeginningofsocialpsychologyasascience.

Socialpsychologyhasbecomethebasisofasciencemainlyforthefollowingthreereasons:

1)Starttouseexperiments;

2)SupplementwithquantitativeanalysisThequalitativeanalysisofthephenomenon;

3)Fromdescribingthephenomenontorevealingandusingthelaw.

2.Theestablishmentofthescientificsystemofwesternsocialpsychology(fromthe1920stothe1940s)

Asearlyas1898,Triplite’sSociallypromotedexperimentalresearch,butformanyyears,thisvaluableproposaldidnotattractwidespreadattention.ItwasnotuntilaftertheFirstWorldWarthattheAmericanpsychologistAlportandtheGermanpsychologistMaudcreatedtheexperimentalsociety.Psychologydirection.Afterthem,experimentalsocialpsychologybegantobecomethemainstreamofsocialpsychologyresearchintheWest,especiallyintheUnitedStates.

In1928,Thurstonproposedtheattitudemeasurementmethod,whichimprovedtheattituderesearchthatstartedwithThomasandZnannetskyandbecametheresearchcenterofsocialpsychologyatthattime.In1934Morenoproposedthesocialmeasurementmethodtomeasuretheproblemsofinterpersonalattractionandexclusionwithinagroup.In1938,Lewinintroducedfieldtheorytosocialpsychology.Theseresearchmethodsareconcentratedintheestablishmentofarigorousscientificsystemfor"socialpsychology"basedontheprinciplesofmathematicsandphysics,thuslayingthefoundationforStartitsquantitativeandpreciseresearchdirection.

3.Theexpansionoftheresearchfieldofwesternsocialpsychology

Themaintopicsofsocialpsychologyresearchvarywiththeevolutionofthetimes.

"SocialPsychology"cameout

In1928,Thurstonproposedtheattitudemeasurementmethod,startingwithThomasandZnannetsky,Anditbecametheattituderesearchofthesocialpsychologyresearchcenteratthattime,whichimprovedastep;In1934,Morenoproposedthesocialmeasurementmethodtomeasuretheproblemsofinterpersonalattractionandexclusionwithinagroup;In1938,LewinintroducedfieldtheoryintosocialpsychologyPutforwardtheconceptofpersonallivingspaceorfield,thatbehaviorisafunctionoftheinteractionbetweenpersonalcharacteristicsandsituationalfactors.

Researchhistory

Thetopicalresearchofsocialpsychologybeganinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.In1860,thereappearedaseriesofpapersonnationalpsychologybyLazarusandStanthal;afterthat,Tard's"LawofImitation",Siegel's"CriminalMass",LePen's"PsychologyoftheCrowd"andotherworksPublishedsuccessively,layingthefoundationfortheformationofsocialpsychology;in1908,BritishpsychologistMaiDuguandAmericansociologistRosspublishedsocialpsychologymonographsrespectively,whichmarkedthatsocialpsychologyhasbecomeanindependentsubject.

Professionalbackground

Socialpsychologyisamajorbranchofpsychology.Itstudiespsychologicalissuesrelatedtosociety.Weknowthatallsocialthingshavehumanfactorsinthem,thatis,theyhavepsychologicalproblemsinthem.Thepsychologythatstudiesthesetopicsissocialpsychology.Incontemporarypsychologicalsciences,cognitivepsychologyandsocialpsychologyaremostvalued.Fromtheperspectiveoftheinteractionbetweentheindividualandthesociety,socialpsychologystudiesthelawofthedevelopmentandchangeofindividualpsychologicalactivitiesunderspecificsociallifeconditions.Socialpsychologynotonlyemphasizestheinteractionbetweensocietyandtheindividual,butalsothediscussionofsocialsituationsandtheindividual'sinnerpsychologicalfactors.Theresearchscopeofsocialpsychologyinvolvesindividualsocialpsychologyandsocialbehavior,socialinteractionpsychologyandbehavior,grouppsychology,andappliedsocialpsychology,namelytheoriesandmethods,socialindividuals,attitudesandbehaviors,socialinfluenceandsocialpsychology.Applicationandotherfields.Theprofessionalorientationissocialpsychologyorientedbythehumanitiesandsocialsciences,andadherestothesocialpsychologyresearchideasthatintegratethefoundationsofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesundertheframeworkofnaturalsciences.

Researchobjects

Themaintopicsofsocialpsychologyresearchvarywiththeevolutionofthetimes.Earlysocialpsychologyfocusedonthestudyofthepsychologicalphenomenaoflargegroupsandthemasses,suchastheresearchonethnicpsychologybyLazarus,Stanthal,andWundt;theresearchonthepsychologyofthemassesbyTard,Siegel,andLeBon.Someoftheideasputforwardbytheseresearchersarestillinfluentialtoday,suchasTarde’slawofimitation,LeBon’sgroupextremesandthedisappearanceofindividuality.

TheUnitedStates

TheUnitedStatesisthemostinfluentialcountrythatstudiessocialpsychology.Itsresearchtopicsarerepresentativeandoftenaffectothercountries.Withtheincreasingdevelopmentofsocialpsychology,researchtopicshavebecomeincreasinglyenrichedandexpanded.Fromtheearlystudyofsocialpromotiontothestudyofsocialinertia;fromthestudyofobediencetothestudyofanti-submissionandindependence;fromthestudyofaggressiontothestudyofaltruism;fromthestudyofattractiontothestudyofloveTheresearch;fromtheresearchofinterpersonalperceptiontotheresearchofattributionandsoon.Itshowsthattheresearchfieldofsocialpsychologyisbecomingwideranddeeper.

Changesinviews

Sincethemid-1960s,theviewsofsocialpsychologistshavechanged.Mainlymanifestedin:Recognizingthelimitationsofexperimentalmethods,attachingimportancetofieldresearch,attachingimportancetoappliedresearch,attachingimportancetofieldapplicationresearchtotestthetheoriesobtainedfromlaboratoryresearch,andtomodify,supplementanddevelop.

Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,socialpsychologistsemphasizedthatfromfieldresearchtolaboratoryresearch,orfromlaboratoryresearchtofieldresearch,reciprocatingcyclesandmutualargumentation.Atthesametime,thewidespreaduseofcomputersalsoprovidesconvenienceforprocessingalargeamountofmaterialsobtainedfromthefield,andpromotestheprogressofsocialpsychology.

Focus

Earlysocialpsychologyfocusedonstudyingthepsychologicalphenomenaofgroupsandmasses;atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,thestudyofattitudesbecamethecenter;aftertheemergenceofexperimentalsocialpsychology,socialpromotionTheresearchoftheempirebecamethecenter;inthefuture,thegroupprocess,persuasion,compliance,cognitivedissonance,andattributionbecametheresearchcenterofacertainperiod.

ResearchFields

Fromtheperspectiveofresearchfields,socialpsychologyresearchisoftendividedintothreefields,whichcoveralmostallissuesinsocialpsychologyresearch.

Individualprocess

Mainlyrelatedtoindividualpsychologicalandbehavioralresearch,sofartheresearchtopicsinthisfieldinclude:

AchievementbehaviorandindividualworkPerformance:LikeWeiner’sachievementattribution,Atkinson’sachievementmotivationresearch,McClellandandWinter’sresearchonabilitystructure,andvariousworkperformanceAllresearchesareincludedinthistopic.

Attitudeandattitudechange:Attitudeissueshavealwaysbeenpaidattentiontobypsychologists.Manytheorieshavebeenusedtoexplaintheformationandchangeofattitudes,suchasHovlandandSears.Madeimportantcontributionsinthisregard.

Attributionproblem:Itoriginatedinthe1950s,andbythemid-1980stherehavebeenmanysuchtheories.Sincethe1990s,withtheriseofculturalpsychology,people'sinterestinthedifferencesinattributionbetweentheEastandtheWesthasbroughtthisfieldtopeople'sattentionagain.

Personalperceptionandself-awareness:Ithasalwaysbeentheconcernofpsychologists.Withthefurtherdevelopmentofpsychology,psychologistshavefoundthatmanyproblemsarerelatedtoit,suchasBaumeisterThedistinctionbetweentheinnerselfandthepublicselfbyBussandothershasbeenusedinmanyfieldssuchasadvertisingandpersuasion.

Personalityandsocialdevelopment:Thisisatraditionalfieldofsocialpsychology.Itshowspeoplethattherearemanyfactorsintheindividual’spersonalityandsocialdevelopment,suchasschool,family,andsocialenvironment.Howinnatefactorswork.

Stressandemotionalproblems:mainlyforhowpeopledealwithvarioussourcesofstressinlifesituationsandhowtoeliminatetheireffects.

Interpersonalprocess

Thisfieldcoversallareasofhumaninteraction.Thetopicsofresearchinclude:

Aggressionandhelpingbehavior:Whydoesithappen?produce?Thesourceoffrustrationinlife,howtopromotehelpingbehavior,etc.areallresearchtopicsinthisfield.Theultimategoalofpsychologistsstudyingtheseissuesistoreduceviolations,cultivatepeople'saltruisticconcepts,andprovidetheoreticalguidanceforcreatingahappylife.

Interpersonalattractionandlove:Interpersonalattractionisthebasisofinterpersonalrelationships,andloveisthemostintimateinterpersonalrelationship.Researchontheseissuescanprovideguidanceforthedevelopmentofinterpersonalrelationships.Interestingly,sincethe1980s,psychologistshavebeeninterestedinthepatternsandinfluenceofChineseinterpersonalrelationships.

Accordingtothecrowdandobedience:TheresearchofSharif,AschandMilgramhassetaseriesofexamplesfortheresearchinthisfield,andhasalsomadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentofsocialpsychology.

Socialexchangeandsocialinfluence:Regardinginterpersonalrelationshipandinterpersonalcommunicationasakindofsocialexchange,itseemstobeakindofironytopeople,butHomansandThibautTheothersreallyprovetheexchangeabilityofpeople.Onthecontrary,people'sviewsonsocialinfluencearequiteconsistent.ThesocialinfluencetheoryputforwardbyLatanēexplainsthemagnitudeofthisinfluence.

Non-verbalcommunication:Intheprocessofinterpersonalinteraction,peopleoftenusenon-verbalcluestoexpresstheirbeliefsandemotions.Expression,posture,andtonearealltopicsinthisfield.

Genderrolesandgenderdifferences:Psychologistshaveattractedgreatinterestsincethe1980s.Whatisthebasisofgenderdifferences?Whatisthedifferencebetweenmenandwomen?Whataretheeffectsofthesedifferences?Alltheseproblemshavepromptedpsychologiststopayattention.

GroupProcess

Fromtheperspectiveofthemacroenvironmentandthegroup,theresearchonhumanpsychologyandbehaviorissuesincludes:

Cross-culturalcomparativeresearch:thisItwasatopicthatoriginatedinthe1960sandreceivedmoreandmoreattentioninthelate1990s,andmanyofthemhavecontributedtothis.The"modernizationtheory"putforwardbyFairbankandothersinthe1960s,thedistinctionbetweenindividualismandcollectivismbyTriandisandothersinthe1980s,andNisbettandPengKaiping'sviewsontheChinesewayofthinkinginthe1990sResearchisthemostrepresentativeresearchinthisfield.

Crowdingandenvironmentalpsychology:Aspeoplepaymoreattentiontotheglobalenvironmentandhumanlivingenvironment,psychologistsareincreasinglyconsideringtheimpactoftheenvironmentonhumanpsychologyandbehavior.Thepopulationexplosioncausedbyexcessivepopulationgrowth,theexhaustionofresourcesandenvironmentalpollutioncausedbypeople'sexcessiveconsumptionofresourceshaveattractedtheattentionofpsychologists.Humansmustchangetheirbehaviortoprotecttheenvironmentonwhichwelive.

Groupprocessandorganizationalbehavior:Grouplifeisthebasicwayofhumanlife.Thegroupandorganizationweliveinhasagreatinfluenceonpeople'spsychologyandbehavior.Researchonthelawsofgroupoperationhasalwaysbeenvaluedbysocialpsychology.Issuessuchasorganizationalstructure,groupandorganizationaldecision-making,andgroupleadershipareallincludedinthisfield.

Racialprejudiceandethicalissues:Psychologistshavestudiedtheseissuessincethe1940s,butsofar,theconclusionsoftheresearcharenotenoughtosolvethisproblem.Racialprejudicenotonlycausedconflictsandfeudsamongdifferentnations,butalsothreatenedworldpeaceandstability.Researchinthisfieldwillbecomemoreandmoreimportant.

Healthpsychology:Thisisatopicthathasreceivedmoreattentionsincethe1980s.Socialsupport,psychosocialfactorsrelatedtodisease,etc.areallincludedinthistopic.Thisissuewillreceivegreaterattentioninthe21stcentury.

School

BehaviorismSchool

1.Stimulus-ResponseTheory

ItwasoriginallydevelopedbyEdwardLeeThorndike(EdwardLeeThorndike,1874-1949),atheorycreatedanddevelopedbyBurrhusFredericSkinner(1904-1990)andothers.Thetheorybelievesthatmostofthebehaviorsofanimalsandhumansaretheresultofacquiredlearning,whichistheresultofacertainkindofstimulusthattheorganismencounters,causingacertainbehavioralresponsetobestrengthenedtoformaconnection.

Second,thetheoryofimitation

SocialpsychologistsMillerandDollard(NEMiller&J.Dollard,1941)ofYaleUniversityinthearticle"SocialLearningandImitation"Itismentionedthatimitationcanbeunderstoodbyextendingtheconceptofstimulus-responserelationshipandreinforcement.Theybelievethatmanyhumansocialbehaviorsarelearnedthroughinterpersonalinteraction-imitation,whichcanbeexplainedthroughtheuseofgenerallearningprinciples.

3.Sociallearningtheory

SociallearningtheorywasproposedanddevelopedbyBanduraandWalters(AlbertBandura&RHWalters)inthe1960s.Basedonthestimulus-responseviewandthroughexperimentalmethods,atheorythatexploreshowthesocialenvironmentaffectspeopletoproducecertainlearnedbehaviorsisexpanded.Thistheorybelievesthatallhumansocialbehaviorsareformed,improvedorchangedthroughobservationallearningofdemonstrationbehaviorsundertheinfluenceofthesocialenvironment.

Four.SocialExchangeTheory

SocialexchangetheoriesarebasedontheuseofeconomicconceptsbyGeorgeCasperHomans(1958)toexplainsocialbehaviorsthatdependonmutualAtheorythatisstrengthenedandsustained.Thetheorybelievesthat:(1)Thereareobjectivelylawssuitablefororganisms;(2)Humansocialbehaviornotonlyobeysthislaw,butalsoobeysthelawofsocialexchange;(3)Therefore,italsoleadstotheprincipleoffairnessindistribution.

CognitiveSchool

1.GestaltSchoolTheory

TheGestaltSchool’stheoryemphasizesthestudyofpsychologyandbehaviorfromtheperspectiveofthewholeandtherelationship.EarlyrepresentativesincludeWertheimer(M.Wertheimer,1890-1943),WolfgangKohler(1887-1967),andKoffka(K.Koffka,1886-1941).Thetheoryofthisschoolbelievesthatindividualbehaviorisnotanisolatedandsimpleresponsetoexternalstimuli,norisitthesumofmanyreflexarcmachines.Itismadethroughtheintegrationofpsychophysicalfields,especiallycognitiveactivities.

2.Fieldtheoryandgroupdynamicstheory

Basedontheviewthatthewholeismoreimportantthanthepart,thegroupdynamicsbelievesthatthewholeisasystemcomposedofinternalrelations,anditsinfluenceorTheeffectisfargreaterthanthatofunrelatedindividuals.

3.Cognitiveconformancetheoryandconsistencytheory

Cognitiveconformancetheoryisasocialpsychologytheorythatexplainstheinfluenceoftheinternalmotivationalstateofthehumanmindonitsmentalactivitiesandexternalbehaviors,Formedinthelate1950s.Itattemptstotakehumancognitiveactivitiesasthestartingpointtounderstandthemotivationalstatehiddenbehindtheindividual'ssocialandpsychologicalactivities.TheconceptofcognitiveconformityfirstputforwardbyAmericanpsychologistW.J.McGill."Consistencytheory"isasocialpsychologytheorythatexploresandpredictsthatpeoplewilladjusttheiroriginalattitudesafterreceivingnewinformationaboutrelatedthings.

SchoolofPsychoanalysis

1.TheoryofPsychoanalysis

ThetheoryofpsychoanalysiswasestablishedbytheAustrianpsychiatristFreudinthelate19thcenturyandtheearly20thcentury.Earlytheoriesbelievedthatallhumanbehaviormotivesarerelatedtosexualinstincts;behindsexisakindofsexualpotentialcalled"libido",whichoftendrivespeopletopursuepleasure.Thelatertheoryholdsthatpeoplehavesexualandself-instinctsthatpointtothegrowthandenhancementoflife,thatis,thesurvivalinstinct,andtheyalsohavethedeathinstinctthatisthedesiretokill.

Second.SociologyinNewPsychoanalysis

ThisisaschoolofpsychologythatseparatedfromthepsychoanalyticmovementintheUnitedStatesinthe1940sandbegantodenyFreudDe’stheoryofinstinct,pan-sexuality,andpersonalitystructureemphasizestheinfluenceoffactorssuchasculture,socialconditionsandinterpersonalrelationshipsonpeople’spsychologyandbehavior,emphasizestheroleoffamilyenvironmentandchildhoodexperienceontheformationanddevelopmentofpersonality,andemphasizesself-integrationandTheroleofregulationhasgraduallyformedanewschoolofthought.Itsrepresentativesare:Sullivan(HSSullivan,1892-1949),Horney(K.Horney,1885-1952),andFromm(E.Fromm,1900-1980)AndErikson(E.Erikson,1902-1994)andsoon.

3.Thethree-dimensionaltheoryofinterpersonalbehavior

Thisisbasedonthetheoryofinterpersonalneedstoexplaintheformationofinterpersonalrelationships,thetypesoforientation,andthecharacteristicsoftheprocessofgroupgatheringanddispersal.Itisdevelopedbysocialpsychology.ItwasproposedbyW.Schutzin1958.Schutzbelievesthateveryindividualhasthreebasicneedsintheprocessofinterpersonalinteraction,namelytheneedfortolerance,theneedfordominance,andtheneedforemotion.

SymbolInteractionSchool

1.SymbolicInteractionTheory

SymbolicInteractionism,alsocalledsymbolicinteractionTheoryisaschoolofsociologicaltheorythatstudiesthelifeofhumangroupsbyanalyzingtheinteractionofpeopleinthedailyenvironment.Itmainlystudiestheways,mechanismsandlawsofhumaninteraction.SocialpsychologistMeadisconsideredtobethepioneerofthetheoryofsymbolicinteraction.InadditiontoMeade,Thomas(W.l.Thomas),Curryandothersalsomadeimportantcontributionstothetheoryofsymbolicinteraction.

Second,roletheory

Roletheoryisasocialpsychologytheoryabouthowpeople’sattitudesandbehaviorsaffecttheirrolestatusinsocietyandtheirexpectationsofsocialroles.ItisanattempttoAccordingtopeople'sstatusoridentity,explainpeople'sbehaviorandrevealtheresearchfieldofitslaws.ParticipatedinthisresearchandinfluentialpeopleincludeMoreno(JLMoreno,1934),Linton(R.Linton,1936),Newcomb(T.Newcomb,1950),Sabine(TRSarbin,1954)andGeFumanetal.

3.Referencegrouptheory

Referencegrouptheoryisasocialpsychologytheoryabouthowpeople’ssocialpsychologicalattitudesandbehaviorsareaffectedbythegroupreferencetheyaresubordinatetoorpursue.ItsrepresentativefiguresincludeHyman,Newcomb,Sherif(M.Sherif,1948),Merton(R.K.Merton,1957)andKelly(1952).

Developmenttrend

Sincethebirthofsocialpsychology,thesocialpsychologyofsociologyrepresentedbyRossandthesocialpsychologyofpsychologyrepresentedbyMaiDuguaredifferentRepresentedtwodifferentresearchorientations,andlaterappearedculturalanthropology-orientedsocialpsychology.Differentresearchorientationsofsocialpsychologyhavetheirownbasiccharacteristics.Psychologically-orientedsocialpsychologyattemptstoobtainexplanationsofhumansocialbehaviorfromthepersonalpersonalitystructure,emphasizingtheimportanceofindividualvariables.Tostudypeople’ssocialinteractions,andtoexplainthenatureofhumanbehavior,emphasizingtheimportanceofsocialgroupvariables;culturalanthropology-orientedsocialpsychologyexplorestheinterpretationofhumanbehaviorfromfactors,emphasizingcultureTheimportanceofvariables.However,society,society,andculturearecloselyrelatedandinseparable,andtheinteractionbetweenthemiscontinuous.Todescribepeople'ssocialbehaviorfullyandaccurately,asingleresearchorientationisdifficulttoachieve,anditispossibletoestablishacomprehensiveresearchorientation.Sincethelate1940sandearly1950s,effortstointegratedifferentresearchorientationsofsocialpsychologyhavebeenimplementedconcretely.Althoughmanypeoplehavedonealotofwork,themarriagebetweendisciplineshasfailedtoachievetheexpectedsuccess..Whenreasonhasovercomefeelings,theroadtointegrationbegins.Moreimportantly,thedevelopmentofdisciplinesandtheprogressofsocietyhavelaidarealisticfoundationfortheintegrationofdifferentresearchorientations.

Fromtheintegrateddevelopmentandcurrentenlightenmentofvariousresearchorientationsofsocialpsychologyathomeandabroad,socialbehaviorpsychologyisaboutthemutualinfluenceandinteractionbetweensociety,culture,personalityandderivativestatus,roleandself.Thecomprehensiveapplicationofsocialsciencethatshapeseachotheristheoverallgraspofthepopularresponseofhumansocialbehaviorfromthepsychologicallevel.Intermsofthenatureofthesubject,itisneitherabranchofpsychology,norabranchofsociology,butacombinationofsociology,psychology,culturalstudies,culturalanthropology,behavioralscience,politicalscience,economics,andmanagement.Anindependentmatterformedonthebasisofmutualpenetrationofinteractionswithsocialpsychology.Itisanindependentdisciplinewithmarginalnatureformedonthebasisoftheparentdisciplinessuchassociology,psychologyandculturalanthropology.AsDr.ZhouXiaohongfromNanjingUniversitysaid:"Wecanonlyobtainacompleteexplanationofhumansocialbehaviorfromtheperspectivesofsociology,psychology,culturalanthropology,andevenbiology."Fromtheperspectiveoftheoriginofsocialpsychology,itisamarginalsubjectformedonthebasisoftheparentsubject,andtheresultoftheparentsubjectbeingclosetoeachotherandinfiltratingeachotherwhenexplaininghumanbehavioranditsrelationshipwithsociety,culture,andpersonality.Fromtheperspectiveoftheresearchobjects,methodsandtheoreticalsystemofsocialpsychology,althoughitisformedonthebasisoftheparentdiscipline,itisneitheranappendageofacertaindisciplinenorasimplepatchworkandmixingofmultipledisciplines.Itistheintegrationofmultipledisciplines,withbrand-newpropertiesandcharacteristicsthatotherdisciplinesdonotpossess.Therefore,socialpsychologyshouldindependentlyfocusontheintegratedresearchofsocialbehaviorpsychology.

ResearchPrinciples

(1)ValueNeutralityPrinciple

ResearchersmustadoptascientificattitudeofseekingtruthfromfactsandcannotdistortobjectivefactsAndconjecture.Itisnecessarytoobjectivelydescribethecomprehensivedataontheproblemandtheconclusionsdrawnafteranalyzingthesedata,regardlessofwhetherthesedataandconclusionsconflictoropposethevalues​​oftheresearchsubject,others,orsociety.

Inthestudyofsocialpsychology,researchersarealwaysguidedbycertaintheoriesandproceedfromcertainassumptions,andtheirpersonallikesanddislikesandtheirownvalueorientationmayhaveanimpactontheresearch.Therefore,theresearchofsocialpsychologyshouldupholdthepositionofvalueneutrality,minimizethenegativeinfluenceofsubjectivefactors,andmaketheresearchobjectiveandfair.

Theprincipleofvalueneutralityisalsoveryimportantintheprocessofpsychologicalcounseling,becausewithapre-determinedpositionand"tintedglasses",itisnotonlynotconducivetotheconsultanttoaccuratelyanalyzetheproblemoftheseeker,butalsototheconsultantGraspyourownmentalstate.Ofcourse,completeneutralityisdifficulttoachieve,andthepastexperienceoftheconsultantwillaffecttheconsultationprocesstosomeextent.Forsomeanti-socialvalues​​andsomevalues​​thatcausepsychologicalbarriers,thecounselorshouldactivelyinterveneandguide.

(2)Systematicprinciples

Socialbehaviorandsocialpsychologicalphenomenaexistinasystem,andtherearereasonsfortheiroccurrenceandchange.Thesystematicprinciplerequiresnotonlytoincludetheresearchedobjectintothesystemforinvestigation,butalsotouseasystematicmethodtostudy.Manyprinciplesinsystemtheory,suchasdynamicprinciples,overallprinciples,orderlyprinciples,andfeedbackprinciples,providetheoreticalperspectivesandanalyticaltoolsforsocialpsychologyresearch.

(3)Ethicalprinciples

Theresearchofsocialpsychologyoftenusessomemeanstocontrolthesituationorthesubjects.Therefore,wemustpayspecialattentiontotheconsequencesofbadphysicalandmentalstimulationsuchasdeceptionandintimidation,andtryourbesttoavoidharmtothephysicalandmentalhealthofthesubjects.Inviewofthefactthatsomeethicalissuesarepronetoappearinsocialpsychologyresearch,themainethicalcodesthatresearchersshouldfolloware:

1.Whenmakingresearchplans,researchersshouldevaluatetheirmoralacceptability.

2.Beforethestudy,theresearchershouldexplainthemainpartsoftheresearchplantothesubjectsandobtainthesubjects’consent.Deceptionunderspecialcircumstancesmustbeapprovedbystrictproceduresandexplainedtothesubjectsafterwardsforunderstanding.

3.Inthespecificresearch,theresearchermusttakemeasurestoprotectthesubjects.

4.Participantshavethefreedomtowithdrawfromthestudy.

5.Theinformationprovidedbythesubjectshouldbekeptconfidential,andifitispublishedpublicly,thesubject’sconsentmustbeobtained.

6.Norelationshipotherthanresearchworkshouldbeestablishedwiththesubject.

CommonPhenomenon

1.StereotypesItiseasyforustohaveageneralandfixedviewofacertaingroup.

2.Theprimordialeffectisthefirstimpressionthatisoftensaid.Ifitleavesabadimpressionatthebeginning,itwillhaveacontinuousadverseeffectonsubsequentinterpersonalcommunication.

3.HaloeffectWecaneasilygeneralizeacertainfeatureoftheobjecttoformanoverallimpression.Itisoftensaidthatifonefindsthatoneaspectisgood,thenhethinksthatheisgoodinotheraspects.

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