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Theconceptofnetwork

Circuitsorpartsofcircuits.

InChinese,theword"network"wasfirstusedintheElectricity"ModernChineseDictionary"(1993edition)tomakesuchanexplanation:"Inanelectricsystem,itiscomposedofseveralcomponents.Acircuitorpartofsuchacircuitusedtotransmitelectricalsignalsaccordingtocertainrequirementsiscalledanetwork."

Mathematically,anetworkisakindofgraph,whichisgenerallyregardedasaweightedgraph.Inadditiontothemathematicaldefinition,thenetworkalsohasspecificphysicalmeaning,thatis,thenetworkisamodelabstractedfromsomepracticalproblemsofthesametype.Inthecomputerfield,thenetworkisavirtualplatformforinformationtransmission,reception,andsharing.Throughit,variouspoints,areas,andbodiesareconnectedtogethertorealizethesharingoftheseresources.TheInternetisthemostimportantinventioninthehistoryofhumandevelopment,andithasimprovedthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandhumansociety.

InternetObligation

Internetcommunicationhasawiderangeofinfluences.Asanoriginalauthor,heshouldreportcoldnewsandincreasewarmnewsatthesametime.Hehasastrongmoralcharacterandabroadblessing.TheInternetisbecomingmoreandmoredeveloped.SomepeoplespreadtheirworksontheInternet,andthustheyarerecognizedbythemajorityofnetizensandbecomelessfamous.TheyareusuallycalledInternetcelebrities.

China’sthreemajornetworks

China’spubliccomputerInternet

CHINANET,alsoknownastheInternetoftheMinistryofPostsandTelecommunicationsTheChinaPublicInternetNetworkisanelectronicinformationnetworkbasedonInternetnetworktechnologyoperatedandmanagedbytheMinistryofPostsandTelecommunications.ItwasconnectedtotheInternetinearly1995andprovidedservicestothesocietyinMay.CHINANETiscomposedofabackbonenetworkandanaccessnetwork.Thebackbonenetworkisitsmaininformationchannelandiscomposedofnetworknodesinmunicipalitiesandprovincialcapitalcities;theaccessnetworkisanetworkformedbynetworkconnectionsconstructedbyvariousprovinces(regions).CHINANET'sflexibleaccessmethodandaccesspointsincitiesalloverthecountrycaneasilyaccesstheinternationalInternet,enjoytherichinformationresourcesandvariousservicesontheInternet,andcanbeusedfordomesticcomputerinterconnectionanddomesticinformationresourcesharingProvideaconvenientnetworkenvironment.

ChinaEducationandResearchNetwork

CERNET,Startedin1994,thefirstphaseoftheprojectwascompletedattheendof1995,includingBeijing(InternetCenter),Shanghai,Nanjing,Guangzhou,Wuhan,Xi'an,ChengduandShenyangandotherlargecitieswithahighconcentrationofcollegesanduniversities.ThereisaninternationaldedicatedlineconnectingtheUnitedStates.Thenationalbackbonenetwork(atotalof1164KbpsDDNdedicatedlines)wasopenedinOctober1995.Afterthecompletionofthesecondphaseoftheproject,thenationalbackbonenetworkandinternationalnetworkingwillbegraduallyupgraded,withthebackbonenetworkreaching2Kbpsormore,andtheinternationalnetworkreaching8Kbpsormore.

ChinaScienceandTechnologyNetwork

CSTNET,HostedbytheChineseAcademyofSciences,jointlyconstructedbyTsinghuaUniversityandPekingUniversity.AdedicatedlineconnectionwiththeInternetwasopenedinApril1994.OnMay21,1994,thesettingoftheCNmainserverforthehighestdomainnameinourcountrywascompleted,andtheTCP/IPconnectionwiththeInternetwasrealized.Attheendof1995,the"HundredsofNetworks"projectwasbasicallycompleted.Bytheendof1997,morethan100Ethernetnetworks,morethan3,000computers,andmorethan10,000usershadbeenconnected,makingChinaanationwidescientificresearchandeducationnetworkwithalargearea,largeusage,highperformance,largecommunicationvolume,andcompleteservicefacilities.

Thefourelementsofnetwork

1.Communicationlinesandcommunicationequipment;

2.Computerswithindependentfunctions;

3.NetworkSoftwaresupport;

4.Realizedatacommunicationandresourcesharing.

Networkclassification

Classifiedbytopology:

Bustype,ringtype,startype,meshtype

AccordingtoinformationexchangemethodClassification:

Circuitswitching,messageswitching,messagepacketswitching

Classifiedbycoverage:

LocalareanetworkLAN(therangeisgenerallyseveralmeterstodozenskilometer).MetropolitanareanetworkMAN(betweenWANandLAN).

WideareanetworkWAN(therangeofactionisgenerallytenstothousandsofkilometers).

LocalAreaNetwork

Localareanetwork(localareanetwork)isusuallyabbreviatedas"localareanetwork",abbreviatedasLAN.Thelocalareanetworkisthecomputernetworkwiththeloweststructuralcomplexity.Alocalareanetworkisjustagroupofcomputersconnectedtogetherviaanetworkatthesameplace.Localareanetworksareusuallyclosetogether,andtheyarethemostwidelyusedtypeofnetworktoday.Usuallythenetworkwiththefollowingcharacteristicsiscalledalocalareanetwork.

1.Thegeographicalareacoveredbythenetworkisrelativelysmall.Usuallynomorethantensofkilometers,orevenonlyinabuildingoraroom.

2.Thetransmissionrateofinformationisrelativelyhigh,rangingfrom1Mbpsto10Mbps,whichhasreached100Mbps.Thetransmissionrateofthewideareanetworkduringoperationisgenerally2400bps,9600bpsor38.4kbps,56.64kbps.Thededicatedlinecanonlyreach1.544Mbps.

3.Therighttooperateandmanagethenetworkbelongstoacertainunit.

WideAreaNetwork

WideAreaNetwork(WAN)isacomplexnetworksystemwithawiderangeofinfluences.

WANconsistsoftwoormoreLANs,andtheconnectionbetweentheseLANscantraverseadistanceofmorethan30mile*.AlargeWANcanbecomposedofmanyLANsandMANsonallcontinents.ThemostwidelyknownWANistheInternet,whichiscomposedofthousandsofLANsandWANsaroundtheworld.

SometimestheboundarybetweenLAN,MANandWANisveryunclear,anditisdifficulttodeterminewheretheLANendsandwheretheMANorWANstarts.However,thetypeofnetworkcanbedeterminedbyfournetworkcharacteristics-communicationmedium,protocol,topology,andtheboundarypointbetweenprivateandpublicnetworks.Communicationmediareferstocables,fiberopticcables,radiowaves,ormicrowavesusedtoconnectcomputersandnetworks.UsuallyLANendswherethecommunicationmediumchanges,suchasthetransitionfromwire-basedcablestoopticalfibers.WireandcableLANsareusuallyconnectedtootherLANsthroughfiberopticcables.

Networktransmissionmedia

Wirednetwork,opticalfibernetwork,wirelessnetwork,localareanetworkusuallyuseasingletransmissionmedium,whilemetropolitanareanetworkandwideareanetworkusemultipletransmissionmedia.

Classifiedbycommunicationmethod:

Point-to-pointtransmissionnetwork,broadcasttransmissionnetwork

Classifiedbythepurposeofnetworkuse:

Sharedresourcenetwork,dataprocessingnetwork,datatransmissionnetwork,networkusagepurpose,etc.

Classifiedbyservicemethod:

Client/servernetwork,peer-to-peernetwork

Networkpropagationmethod

ShiLan,executivedeputydirectoroftheChinaModernMediaCommittee,believesthatnetworkcommunicationhasthreebasiccharacteristics:globality,interactivity,andhypertextlinking.Therefore,itsdefinitionofnetworkcommunicationis:withglobalinformationasthebackgroundandparticipantsastheobject.Participantsarealsoinformationreceiversandpublishersandcangivefeedbacktotheinformationatanytime.ItstextformationandreadingareinvariousItiscompletedinhypertextswithvariousmeaningsformedbyrandomlinksbetweendifferenttextsanddifferentculturallevels(InternationalJournalism,2000,Issue6,p.49).

Somepeoplebelievethat"networkcommunication"isanewtermthathasappearedwidelyincommunicationstudies.Itisrelativetothethreemajormedia:newspapers,radio,andtelevision.NetworkcommunicationreferstotheinternationalInternetwithmultimedia,network,anddigitaltechnologiesasthecore.Itisalsocallednetworkcommunicationandisaproductofthemoderninformationrevolution(InternationalPress,2000,Issue6,p.49).

Webelievethattheso-callednetworkcommunicationactuallyreferstothedisseminationofhumaninformation(includingnews,knowledgeandotherinformation)throughcomputernetworks.Theinformationinnetworktransmissionisstoredinoptical,magneticandotherstoragemediaindigitalform,transmittedathighspeedthroughcomputernetworks,andreadandusedthroughcomputersorsimilardevices.Networkcommunicationisbasedonthecomputercommunicationnetworktocarryoutinformationtransmission,exchangeandutilization,soastoachievethepurposeofsocialandculturalcommunication.ThenumberofreadersofInternetcommunicationishuge,anditcanbetransmittedthroughtheInternetathighspeed.

Themainrelateddisciplinesofnetworkcommunicationare:communication,politicalscience,sociology,psychology,journalism,economics,computerscience,etc.

Internetlanguage

InternetlanguageisanewlanguageformthatisdifferentfromtraditionalplanemediawiththedevelopmentoftheInternet.Ithasbeenfavoredbythemajorityofnetizenssinceitsbirthinaconciseandvividform,andithasdevelopedrapidly.Networklanguages​​includepinyinorabbreviationsofEnglishletters.Numberswithacertainmeaningandvividnetworkanimationsandpictures.Atfirst,itwasmainlythewaythatnetwormsusedtoimprovetheefficiencyofonlinechatoraspecificneed.Formaspecificlanguage.ThenewvocabularyemergingontheInternetmainlydependsonitsownvitality.Ifthosevibrantonlinelanguages​​canwithstandthetestoftime,theycanbeacceptedafterconventionsareestablished.Itisequivalenttoaperson-to-personconversation,butourconversationpartnerisreplacedbyacomputer.Thecomputerisaobediencer.Weonlyneedtotellhimwhattodoinwords,thatis,networklanguage.

InternetlanguagerepresentsacertainInternetculture.ItiswidelyusedinvariousInternetapplicationssuchaschatandBBS,andpenetratesintoreallife.Ithasacertainimpactonourlives.Influence.Itcomesfromawiderangeofsources,mostlybasedondialectsandidioms,foreignlanguages,abbreviations,homophony,etc.,andbelongstoamixedlanguage.BeforetheOpiumWar,fewpeopleinChinawouldknowwhatEuropaandEnglishmeant,norwouldtheyknowwhatMauserandbrandywere.However,aftertheOpiumWar,thesewordsquicklyenteredtheChineselanguageandwereretainedforalongtimethroughtransliteration.ItcanbeseenfromthisexamplethattheemergenceofInternetlanguagehasgivenlanguagemorelifeandvitality.

ThestudyofInternetlanguagehasbecomeanewgrowthpointinlinguistics.Withthedeepeningofresearch,networklinguisticscameintobeing;itsdevelopmentisveryrapid,andithasbeenrecognizedbyacademia.Thisemergingdisciplinewasfirstproposedbythewell-knownChinesescholarZhouHaizhonginthearticle"ANewLinguisticDiscipline-Cyber​​Linguistics"publishedin2000,andgaveabriefexplanation;afterthat,cyberlinguisticsarousedHighattentionfromacademia.In2003,thewell-knownSpanishscholarProfessorSantiagoPerstegueromadeacomprehensivestudyofcyberlinguisticsinhismonograph"Cyberlinguistics:Language,DiscourseandThoughtontheInternet"publishedin2003.In2005,thewell-knownBritishlinguistProfessorDavidCrystalpublishedanarticle"TheScopeofCyber​​Linguistics",whichmadeamorein-depthstudyontheinfluenceoftheInternetandinformationtechnologyonlanguage.Atpresent,networklinguisticshasbecomeoneofthemostdynamicsub-disciplinesincontemporarylinguistics,butitstheoreticalsystemandresearchmethodsneedtobefurtherimproved.

Thecharacteristicsofthenetwork

Computernetworkistheuseofcommunicationlinesandcommunicationequipmenttoconnectmultipleautonomouscomputersystemsdistributedindifferentlocationstoeachother,accordingtoacommonnetworkprotocol,sharinghardware,Software,asystemthatultimatelyrealizesresourcesharing.

Butthecomputernetworkisinseparablefrompeople'slives,andmostpeople'sunderstandingofthenetworkisallaboutthecomputernetwork.

UsingtheInternet,peoplecannotonlyshareresources,butalsoexchangeinformation,keepintouch,entertain,etc.Manypeople'slivesandworkareinseparablefromtheInternet.Therealizationofthenetworkenablesasingle,scatteredcomputertobeorganicallyconnectedintoasystem.Itmainlyhasthefollowingcharacteristics:

1,resourcesharing

Themainfunctionofthenetworkisresourcesharing.Sharedresourcesincludesoftwareresources,hardwareresources,andvariousdataresourcesstoredinpublicdatabases.Onlineuserscansharetheseresourcesinpartorinwhole,sothattheresourcesinthenetworkcancommunicatewitheachotherandcooperatewitheachother,therebygreatlyimprovingtheutilizationofsystemresources.

2.Fasttransmissionofinformation

Computersystemsdistributedindifferentregionscantransmitvariousinformation,exchangedata,andsende-mailsthroughthenetworkinatimelyandhigh-speedmanner,sothatpeoplecancommunicatewitheachother.Theconnectioniscloser.

3.Improvesystemreliability

Inthenetwork,duetothemutualcooperationandmutualbackuprelationshipbetweencomputers,andtheuseofsomebackupequipmentandsomeloadschedulinginthenetwork,Datafaulttoleranceandothertechnologies,sothatwhenacertainpartofthenetworkfails,otherpartsofthenetworkcanautomaticallytakeoveritstasks.Therefore,comparedwithastand-alonesystem,acomputernetworkhashigherreliability.

4.Easytocarryoutdistributedprocessing

Inthenetwork,arelativelylargeproblemortaskcanalsobedecomposedintoseveralsub-problemsortasks,whicharedistributedtodifferentcomputersinthenetworkPerformprocessingcalculations.Thiskindofdistributedprocessingcapabilityisveryeffectiveintheresearchanddevelopmentofsomemajorsubjects.

5.Comprehensiveinformationservices

Intoday’sinformationsociety,individuals,offices,libraries,enterprisesandschoolsaregeneratingandprocessingalargenumberofinformation.Thisinformationmaybetext,numbers,images,soundorevenvideo,anditcanbecollected,processed,andtransmittedthroughthenetwork.Therefore,integratedinformationservicewillbecomethebasicservicefunctionofthenetwork.

ThehistoricalevolutionoftheInternet

TheBirthoftheInternet

ThebirthmissionoftheInternet:toimprovethequalityoflifeofglobalhumansthroughvariousInternetservices.

Makehumanlifemoreconvenientandricher,therebypromotingtheprogressofglobalhumansociety.Andenrichthespiritualworldandmaterialworldofmankind,sothatmankindcanobtaininformationmostconveniently.Findwhatyouwanttomakehumanlifehappier.

Contrarytomanypeople’simagination,theInternetisnottheresultofacertainproject.ThefoundersoftheInternetwouldneverhaveimaginedthatitcoulddevelopintoitscurrentscaleandimpact.AtthebeginningoftheInternet'sappearance,noonecouldthinkofitenteringthousandsofhouseholds,andnoonecouldthinkofitscommercialuse.

Morethantenyearsaftertheworld’sfirstelectroniccomputercameoutin1946,itwasveryexpensive.Thereareveryfewcomputers,andtheso-calledcomputernetworkintheearlydayswasmainlycreatedtosolvethiscontradiction.Itsformistodirectlyconnectacomputertoanumberofterminalsviaacommunicationline.Wecanalsoregardthismethodasthesimplestprototypeofalocalareanetwork.

TheearliestnetworkwasestablishedbytheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)oftheUSDepartmentofDefense.Manyconceptsandmethodsofmoderncomputernetworks,suchaspacketswitchingtechnology,comefromARPAnet.ARPAnetnotonlyconductedresearchonpacketswitchingtechnologyforleasedlineinterconnection,butalsoonpacketswitchingtechnologyforwirelessandsatellitenetworks-theresultofwhichledtotheadventofthenetworkprotocolTCP/IP.

From1977to1979,ARPAnetintroducedthecurrentformoftheTCP/IParchitectureandprotocol.

About1980,allcomputersonARPAnetstartedtheconversionofTCP/IPprotocol,andestablishedtheinitialInternetwithARPAnetasthebackbonenetwork.

In1983,allARPAnetcomputerscompletedtheconversiontoTCP/IPandimplementedTCP/IPonUNIX(BSD4.1).ThebiggesttechnicalcontributionofARPAnetisthedevelopmentandapplicationoftheTCP/IPprotocol.Twowell-knownscienceeducationnetworks,CSNETandBITNET,wereestablishedsuccessively.

In1984,theNationalScienceFoundationNSFplannedtoestablish13NationalSupercomputingCentersandtheNationalEducationandTechnologyNetwork.SubsequenttoreplacethebackboneofARPANET.

In1988,theInternetbegantoopentotheoutsideworld.

InJune1991,amongthecomputersconnectedtotheInternet,businessuserssurpassedacademicusersforthefirsttime.ThiswasamilestoneinthehistoryofInternetdevelopment.Sincethen,theInternethasgrownrapidly.Inthe21stcentury,networkplatformsareusedinthefieldofe-commerce.Internetbusinesshasbecomeatrend.

Thedevelopmentstageofthenetwork

Firstgeneration:RemoteterminalConnection

Early1960s

Terminal-orientedcomputernetwork

Onlyprovidecommunicationbetweenterminalandhost,communicationbetweensubnetsisnotpossible.

Secondgeneration:Computernetworkstage(LocalAreaNetwork)

Mid1960s

MultiplehostsareinterconnectedtorealizecomputersAndthecommunicationbetweenthecomputer.

Includes:communicationsubnet,userresourcesubnet.

Enduserscanaccessthesoftwareandhardwareresourcesofthelocalhostandallhostsonthecommunicationsubnet.

Circuitswitchingandpacketswitching.

Thirdgeneration:Computernetworkinterconnectionstage

(Wideareanetwork,Internet)

EstablishedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)in1981:Opensysteminterconnectionbasicreferencemodel(OSI/RM),realizeinterconnectionbetweencomputersproducedbydifferentmanufacturers.

ThebirthoftheTCP/IPprotocol.

FourthGeneration:InformationSuperhighway(high-speed,multi-service,largedatavolume)

BroadbandIntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork:InformationSuperhighway.

ATMtechnology,ISDN,GigabitEthernet

Interactivity:onlineTV-on-demand,videoconference,videophone,onlineshopping,onlinebanking,onlinelibrary,etc.High-speed,visualization.

ThephaseddevelopmentoftheInternet

ThedevelopmentoftheInternetinmycountryismarkedbythefirstE-mailsenttotheworldthroughtheChinaAcademicNetworkCANETin1987..Afterdecadesofdevelopment,fourmajornetworksystemshavebeenformed.Namely:ScienceandTechnologyNetworkCSTnetoftheChineseAcademyofSciences;EducationandResearchNetworkCERnetoftheMinistryofEducation;CHINAnetoftheformerMinistryofPostsandTelecommunications;andCHINAgbnoftheformerMinistryofElectronics.ThedevelopmentoftheInternetinChinacanberoughlydividedintothreestages:

Thefirststageisfrom1987to1993,whichisalsoaresearchandexperimentstage.Duringthisperiod,somescientificresearchdepartmentsandinstitutionsofhigherlearninginChinabegantostudyInternettechnology,andcarriedoutscientificresearchtopicsandscientificandtechnologicalcooperation,butthenetworkapplicationatthisstagewaslimitedtoe-mailservicesinasmallarea.

Thesecondstageisfrom1994to1996,whichisalsotheinitialstage.InApril1994,theZhongguancunareaeducationandscientificresearchdemonstrationnetworkprojectenteredtheInternet.Sincethen,ChinahasbeenofficiallyrecognizedasacountrywiththeInternet.Afterthat,severalInternetnetworkprojectssuchasCERnet,CSTnet,CHINAnet,andCHINAgbnhavebeenlaunchednationwide.TheInternethasbeguntoenterpubliclifeandhasbeenrapidlydevelopedinChina.Bytheendof1996,thenumberofInternetusersinChinahadreached200,000,andthebusinessesandapplicationsthatusedtheInternethadgraduallyincreased.

ThethirdstageFrom1997tothepresent,itisthemostrapiddevelopmentstageoftheInternetinourcountry.ThenumberofdomesticInternetusershasbasicallymaintainedagrowthrateofdoublingeverysixmonthssince1997.Sofar,therearemorethan10millionInternetusers.AccordingtoastatisticalreportpublishedbytheChinaInternetInformationCenter(CNNIC),asofOctober30,2009,thetotalnumberofInternetusersinmycountrywas530million.Thisnumberhasincreasedby8.9millionfromthebeginningoftheyear,andhasincreasedby22.2millioncomparedwiththesameperiodin2002.

ChinahasfivecommercialInternetbackboneunitswithindependentinternationalaccesslines,aswellasnon-profitInternetbackboneunitsforeducation,technology,economyandtrade.Therearemorethan600InternetAccessServiceProviders(ISP),140ofwhichoperateacrossprovinces.

Withtheimprovementofthenetworkfoundation,theadoptionofnewtechnologiesinuseraccess,thediversificationofaccessmethodsandtheimprovementofoperators’servicecapabilities,thebottleneckproblemofslowaccessnetworkspeedwillbefurtherenhancedImproved,theInternetspeedwillbefaster,therebypromotingmoreapplicationsontheInternet.:

Developmentprospects

Switchingtechnologyhasenteredasubstantivestage

Thetelephonenetworkhascontinuedthewayofcircuitswitchingfromthetimeitwasinvented.TheIPnetworkthatemergedattheendofthelastcenturybroughtbreakthroughstopeoplewithconnectionlesscommunication.Voiceservicesarethemainsourceofrevenueforoperatorsandcannotbecompletelydisconnected.Drivenbythetwosituations,anetworkwithsoftswitchasthecoreappeared.Ittriestotransformthetraditionalcircuit-switchednetworkintoapacket-switchednetworkwhiletakingintoaccounttheexistingtelephonenetwork.

Theemergenceofanetworkwithsoftswitchasthecorerealizesthepackettransmissionofthevoicechannelwhilemaintainingtheoriginalvoiceservice,whichgreatlyreducestheoperationandmaintenancecosts,therebyenablingthesoftswitchtechnologyIthasbecomeanimportantdirectionforthedevelopmentofswitchingnetworks.Today,whenbusinessneedsaremarket-oriented,theadvantagethatsoftswitchcandevelopsomenewserviceshasmadepeopleeagerforit.InChina,aftermorethanthreeyearsoftrialsandlarge-scalecommercialtrials,softswitchingThetechnologyisbasicallymature,theabilitytoquicklyprovideservicesisreflected,andthecostofnetworkconstructionisequivalenttothatoftraditionalswitches.Inthiscase,withthecontinuousemergenceofbroadbandservicessuchasVoIP,IPTV,videoconferencing,andVOD,problemssuchasrapidbandwidthconsumptionandnetworkcongestionhavebeencaused.Asaresult,broadbandizationhasbecomeanirreversibletrendintermsofaccessnetworks.

Manysolutionshavebeenproposedfortheaccessproblem.Inordertosolvethebroadbandproblem,theycanbesummarizedasfollows:increasetheinterconnectionbandwidth;changethenetworktrafficstructuretoreducethebottleneckofthebackbonenetwork;applyQoSmechanismstoensureThequalityofserviceofsomeapplications;IPMulticastmulticasttechnologyisadopted.Incontrast,IPmulticasttechnologyhasthecharacteristicsthatthebackbonebandwidthofthenetworkdoesnotneedtobeproportionaltothegrowthofthenumberofusers,caneffectivelycontrolthecostofthebackbonenetwork,andbecomethepreferredtechnologyofoperators.ThecombinationofmulticasttechnologyandQoSmechanismwillbettermeettheneedsofnewservices.

EveryoneisveryconcernedaboutIPTVinthebroadbandaccessnetwork.ThehighbandwidththatIPTVcallscanbesaidtobeanopportunityforthetransformationoftelecommunicationsnetworks.Withtherapiddevelopmentofnetworktechnology,broadbandusershaverapidlyexpanded,butmanyregionshavenotgainedahighbroadbanduseraccessrateafterinvestingheavilyintheestablishmentofbroadbandmetropolitanareanetworks.IPTVhasbroughtsomegratificationtotelecomoperatorsintermsoftappingnewusergrowthmethodsandbusinessgrowthmethods.Itisbecominganewforcefortelecomoperatorstoleveragethebroadbandmarket.

DevelopmentTrends

TheextenttowhichonlineretaillowerstheaverageretailpriceinChinaisgraduallyweakening.Beginningin2010,onlinepricesofmajoronlineretailproductcategorieshavegenerallyincreasedmorethanofflineprices,reflectingthatonlinemerchantsmayhaveadoptedunsustainableprice-for-volumepracticesintheearlydays.Withthedevelopmentoftheonlineretailmarket,consumersarebecomingmoremature,insteadoffocusingsolelyonpricecomparisons.

Wirelessaspects

Inthecontextoftheevolutionofmobileservicesfromnarrowbandandvoiceservicestothird-generationnetworks,manybroadbandwirelessaccesstechnologieshavesprungupafterarain,suchasWiMAX,etc.RepresentativewirelessaccesstechnologiesaregainingglobalattentionwiththeirextremelyhighbandwidthandexcellentIPservicesupportcapabilities.

Inthecontextofbroadbandization,variousnewserviceshavealsobecomeatopicofconcernattheconference.Expertsandscholarsfromalloverthecountryconductedmeaningfulexchangesanddiscussionsintermsofrapidbusinessproposal,qualityassuranceandbusinessmodels.

Nowthat3GlicensesmaybeissuedinChina,operatorsarepayingcloseattentiontotheintegrationoffixedandmobilenetworks.Theyhopetoprovideuserswithhigh-qualityintegratedservicesonaunifiedcorenetworkandreducenetworkComplexityandoperationandmaintenancecosts.Butthisisalongprocessthatrequirescontinuousmaturityintechnology,standards,products,etc.Thisprocesswillbefullofopportunitiesandchallenges.

Servicemodel

WiththeglobalexpansionoftheInternet,therapiddevelopmentoftheInternetinChina,thenumberofChineseISPsisincreasing,andtheservicesprovidedareconstantlyenriched.However,toachievetheprosperityofChina'sInternetservices,notonlyneedmoreandmoreInternetserviceproviderstoproviderichservices,butalsoneedInternetserviceprovidersISPstocontinuetoexploretheservicemarket,adoptflexibleoperatingmodels,findwaystomaketheirownprofits,andconstantlyEnhanceitsownindependentinnovationcapabilitiesandenhancecorecompetitiveness.ThisarticlestudiestheoperatingmodeofChineseISPs,andanalyzesthedifferentrequirementsofdifferentbusinesstypesforISPoperatingmodes.

InternetServiceProvider(ISP:InternetServiceProvider)isanInternetserviceproviderthatprovidescomprehensiveInternetaccessservices,informationservicesandvalue-addedservicestoawiderangeofusers.ISPisaformaloperatingenterpriseapprovedbythenationalcompetentauthorityandenjoystheprotectionofnationallaws.InternetContentProvider(ICP:InternetContentProvider)isanInternetcontentprovider,thatis,atelecommunicationsoperatorthatprovidescomprehensiveInternetinformationservicesandvalue-addedservicestousers.ICPisalsoaformallyoperatingenterpriseapprovedbythenationalcompetentauthorityandenjoystheprotectionofnationallaws.Well-knowndomesticICPsincludeSina,Sohu,163.21CNandsoon.

IntheInternetapplicationserviceindustrychain"equipmentsuppliers-basicnetworkoperators-contentcollectorsandproducers-serviceproviders-users",ISP/ICPisthecontentcollector,Thelocationofproducersandserviceproviders.SinceinformationservicesarethemostactivepartofChina'sinformationindustry,ISP/ICPisalsothemostinnovativeandactivepartofChina'sinformationindustry.Bytheendof2006,thereweremorethan21,000registeredvalue-addedserviceprovidersinChina,mostofwhichwereISP/ICPsbasedontheInternet.WiththegradualclarificationofthecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentoftheInternetwherecontentisking,mostICPsalsoplaytheroleofISP.AccordingtotheclassificationofInternetservices,thisarticleanalyzestheoperatingmodesofISPsthatprovidedifferentservices.

Transactionvolume

In2012,thescaleofonlineretailtransactionsreached1.32trillionyuan,andby2020,thisscalemayreach4.2trillionyuan.BoththeChinaE-commerceResearchCenterandtheMcKinseyGlobalInstitutehaveissuedreportsstatingthatChina’se-commercemarketisgrowingrapidly.Itisestimatedthatby2020,onlineretailwillaccountfor10%-16%oftheChineseconsumermarket.

Thepurposeofthenetwork

Suggestionsforuse

WiththedevelopmentoftheInternet,itisgettingfasterandfaster.Ihopeyoucanmakereasonableuseofnetworkresourcesanddon’tbeaddictedtogames,Novelsandthelike.

Theoriginaluseofthenetwork

TheUSDepartmentofDefensebelievesthatifthereisonlyonecentralizedmilitarycommandcenter,incasethiscenterisdestroyedbytheformerSovietUnion’snuclearweapons.Thenationalmilitarycommandwillbeparalyzed,andtheconsequenceswillbeunimaginable.Therefore,itisnecessarytodesignsuchadecentralizedcommandsystem-itmustbecomposedofscatteredcommandpoints,andotherpointscanstillworknormallywhensomeofthecommandpointsaredestroyed.,Andthesescatteredpointscanbecontactedthroughsomeformofcommunicationnetwork.

In1969,theU.S.DepartmentofDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA--AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency)begantobuildanetworknamedARPAnettoconnectseveralU.S.militaryandTheresearchisconnectedwithacomputermainframe.Atthebeginning,ARPAnetonlyconnected4hosts,anditwasplacedundertheprotectionofhigh-levelsecretsoftheUSDepartmentofDefenseintermsofmilitaryrequirements.Technically,itdidnothavetheconditionsforexternalpromotion.

Internet.

In1986,theNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)usedtheTCP/IPcommunicationprotocoldevelopedbyARPAnettoestablishonthebasisof5supercomputercentersforscientificresearchandeducationservices.NSFnetWideAreaNetwork.ThankstotheencouragementandfundingoftheNationalScienceFoundation,manyuniversities,government-fundedresearchinstitutionsandevenprivateresearchinstitutionshavemergedtheirlocalareanetworksintoNSFnet.Atthattime,themilitarypartofARPAnethadbeenseparatedfromtheparentnetworkandestablisheditsownnetwork-Milnet.ARPAnet-thefatherofthenetwork,hasbeengraduallyreplacedbyNSFnet.By1990,ARPAnethadwithdrawnfromthestageofhistory.Today,NSFnethasbecomeoneoftheimportantbackbonenetworksoftheInternet.

In1989,WWWwassuccessfullydevelopedbyCERN,whichlaidthefoundationfortheInternettoachievewide-areahypermediainformationinterception/retrieval.

Beforethe1990s,theuseoftheInternethasbeenlimitedtoresearchandacademicfields.Commercialinstitutions'accesstotheInternethasalwaysbeenplaguedbylawsandregulationsortraditionalproblemsofonekindoranother.Infact,governmentagenciessuchastheNationalScienceFoundationthathavefundedtheconstructionoftheInternetarenotinterestedincommercialactivitiesontheInternet.

Commercialuseofthenetwork

In1991,threecompaniesintheUnitedStatesoperatedtheirownCERFnet,PSInetandAlternetnetworks,whichcanprovidecustomerswithInternetnetworkingservicestoacertainextent.Theyformedthe"CommercialInternetAssociation"(CIEA),announcingthatuserscanusetheirInternetsubnetsforanycommercialpurpose.WiththeemergenceofInternetcommercialserviceproviders,industrialandcommercialenterprisescanfinallyentertheInternetopenly.

AssoonascommercialorganizationssteppedintotheunfamiliarworldoftheInternet,theydiscovereditshugepotentialincommunications,dataretrieval,andcustomerservice.Asaresult,themomentumbecameuncontrollable.CountlesscompaniesandindividualsfromallovertheworldhavepouredintotheInternet,bringinganewleapinthehistoryofInternetdevelopment.

TheInternethascontactedmorethan160countriesandregions,morethan40,000subnets,andmorethan5millioncomputerhosts.Withmorethan40milliondirectusers,ithasbecometheworld'smostinformativepubliccomputernetwork.TheInternetisconsideredtobetheembryonicformoftheglobalinformationsuperhighwayinthefuture.Theterm'''network'''hasmanymeaningsandcanbeinterpretedas:Networkflowisalsoreferredtoasnetworkforshort.Generallyusedformodelingofpipelinesystems,transportationsystems,andcommunicationsystems.

Internetphone

InternetphoneisalsocalledIPphone,whichusesInternetProtocol(IP)forvoicetransmission.Traditionalinternationalcallsaretransmittedinananalogousmanner.Thevoiceisfirstconvertedintoasignal,andthevoiceistransmittedtotheotherpartythroughacoppercable.TheVoIPusesthegatewaytoconvertthesoundintoadatasignal,whichiscompressedintoadatapacket,andthentransmittedfromtheInternet.Whenthereceivingendreceivesthedatapacket,thegatewaywilldecompressitandretransmitit.Makeasoundfortheotherpartytolistento.Generallyspeaking,therearethreewaysofVoIPconnection:PCtoPC,PCtoPhone,andPhonetoPhone.VoIPusestheTCP/IPprotocol,andspecialsoftwareconvertsthecallingparty’svoiceintoadigitalsignal(oftencompressed,whichisalsothetechnicalkeypointofthequalityoftheVoIPsoftware),andthenpacksthemintosmalldatapackets.Datapacketsarefreetofindfreespaceonthenetworkandtransmitvoicedatatotheotherparty.Aftertheotherparty’sspecialequipmentorsoftwarereceivesthedatapacket,itwilldoareverseprocessofconvertingthevoiceintodatapacketasmentionedabove.Iftheotherparty’sreceiverisinconsistent,Technicalprocessingisrequiredtoenablethevoicetoberestored.Duringthewholeconversation,wedon'tneedtorentadedicatedline,butjustusethenetworkinaseamlessmanner,whichgreatlysavesthecostofthecall.ThegeneralcostisafewcentsinChina,andtheinternationalcostisgenerallyafewcents.Thecostisverylow!

Networkharddrive

"Networkharddrive"isanexclusivestoragespace,usersItisconvenienttouploadanddownloadfilesbyloggingintothewebsiteonline,andtheuniquesharingandgroupingfunctionsbreakthroughthetraditionalstorageconcept.Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,the"NetworkHardDrive"producthasfourmajorfeatures:intuitivepreview,four-levelsharing,groupmanagement,andstabilityandsecurity.

Networkharddiskreferstothe"remoteharddiskspaceusedbynetworkconnectionmanagement",whichcanbeusedtotransfer,storeandbackupcomputerdatafiles,whichisconvenientforuserstomanageanduse.Usersofthissitecanconnecttothenetworkharddiskserviceprovidedby"eNetcom"onanycomputerterminalwithInternetaccessintheworld.

OnlineFinance

Theso-calledonlinefinance,alsoknownaselectronicfinance(e-finance),referstofinancialactivitiesrealizedontheInternet,includingonlinefinancialinstitutions,networkFinancialtransactions,onlinefinancialmarkets,andonlinefinancialsupervision.Itisdifferentfromtraditionalfinancialactivitiesthatexistinphysicalform.Itisfinancialactivitiesthatexistintheelectronicspace.Itsexistenceformisvirtualizedanditsoperationmodeisnetworked.Itisaproductoftherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology,especiallyInternettechnology,andafinancialoperationmodeintheInternetagethatmeetsthedevelopmentneedsofe-commerce(e-commerce).

Onlineeducation

Onlineeducationreferstounderthenetworkenvironment,guidedbymoderneducationalthoughtsandlearningconcepts,givefullplaytothevariouseducationalfunctionsofthenetworkandrichnetworkeducationresourcesAdvantages,anonlineteachingandlearningserviceprovidedtoeducatorsandlearners,thisserviceisreflectedinthedeliveryofcontentusingdigitaltechnology.Carryoutlearner-centerednon-face-to-faceeducationactivities.

InternetTV

InternetTVisalsocalledIPTV(InteractivePersonalityTV).Itusestelevisions,personalcomputersandhandhelddevicesasdisplayterminals,andconnectstobroadbandnetworksthroughset-topboxesorcomputerstoachievedigitalTheemergenceofTV,time-shiftedTV,interactiveTVandotherservices,theemergenceofInternetTVhasbroughtpeopleanewwayofwatchingTV,whichhaschangedthepassiveTVwatchingmodeinthepast,andrealizedTVwatchingondemand,watchingandstoppingondemand.

Internetinsurance

Internetinsuranceisanewtypeofinsurancemarketingmodelthatusescomputernetworksasthemedium,whichisdifferentfromthetraditionalinsuranceagentmarketingmodel.

Theemergenceanddevelopmentofnetworkinsuranceisahistoricaltrend,whichrepresentsthedevelopmentdirectionoftheinternationalinsuranceindustry.

Domesticinsurancewebsitescanberoughlydividedintothreecategories:Thefirstcategoryisself-builtwebsitesofinsurancecompanies,whichmainlypromotetheirowninsuranceproducts,suchas"PA18"ofPingAnInsurance.TaikangLifeInsurance's"TaikangOnline"andsoon.

Thesecondcategoryisanindependentthird-partyinsurancewebsite.ItisaninsurancewebsitefundedbyaprofessionalInternetserviceprovider(ISP).Itdoesnotbelongtoanyinsurancecompany,butitalsoprovidesinsuranceservices,suchasHuibaoNet,eBao,netinsurance,etc.

Thethirdcategoryisinsuranceinformationwebsites,suchasChinaInsuranceNetwork,whichcanberegardedastheBBSofindustryinsiders.Obviously,thesethreetypesofwebsitesrepresentthedevelopmentlevelofChina'sonlineinsurance.Afterrationalandobjectiveresearchandanalysisoftheirimplementationstrategiesandmarketoperationmethods,theycandeeplygraspthedevelopmentstatusofChina'sonlineinsurance.

Networkinsuranceisahugesocialsystemprojectinvolvingmultipleindustriessuchasbankingandtelecommunications.Itwilltakealongtimetocompletethisproject.Attacksbycyberhackersmakethecomputernetworksystem'sownsecurityinsecure,andcyberinsurancehashiddendangersofinsecurity;andcyberinsuranceispronetofraudinonlinecomplaintsandclaimsduetothehumanfactorsbetweentheinsurancepartiesandtheprofoundandcomplexbackgroundandinterestrelationships.behavior.Therefore,itisdifficulttosupportonlineinsuranceonlybyrelyingononlineoperations.Howtoprohibitandpunishtheuseofonlineinsuranceforinsurancefraud;howtoimplementonlineunderwritingandonlineclaimsandpayment;onlineinsurancestillhasalongwaytogoinourcountry.

Networkinsurancetechnologyisacompletesetof"securityreinforcementsystem"researchedbynationalscienceandtechnologyresearcherstomaintainthesecurityoftheserverandresisthackers,virusesandworms.AsofDecember7,2007,theCentralNewsNetworkbroadcasttobroadcastanewgenerationof"securityreinforcementsystem"hasbeenputintooperation.

OnlineMarketing

ThefullnameofOnlineMarketing(On-lineMarketingorCybermarketing)isdirectnetworkmarketing,whichisaformofdirectmarketing,whichisthepracticeofcorporatemarketingandmoderninformationandcommunicationtechnology.,Theproductofthecombinationofcomputernetworktechnologyreferstothevariousmarketingactivities(includingnetworkresearch,networkpromotion,networknewproductdevelopment,networkpromotion,networkThegeneraltermfordistribution,networkservices,etc.).

Thespecificstepsofonlinemarketingareasfollows:

  1. BuildingacorporatenetworkmarketingplatformThecompany’scompaniescanbeallianceswithrelevantonlinecompaniestosetupa"home"ontheInternet.

  2. Networkpromotion(searchengineoptimization,businessopportunityrelease,email,blogmarketing...)

  3. Buildingconsumersdatabase.Consumersarethestrategicassetsofenterprises.EnterprisesmustpayattentiontocollectingandanalyzingconsumerinformationthroughtheInternet,suchasregistereduserinformation,userfeedbackopinionsandsuggestions,establishingandmanagingconsumerdatabases,discoveringconsumers’individualneeds,andanalyzingconsumptionConsumers’consumerbehaviorsandhabits,andestablishlong-termpersonalrelationshipswithcustomers.Targetonlineconsumers.Ontheonehand,theinformationontheInternetcontinuestosurge,andontheotherhand,consumershavelimitedtime.EnterprisesmuststarttoattractconsumerstotheInternetandencouragethemtovisitthecorporatewebsiteforalongtime.

Fourth,emphasizeindividualization.Inordertowinconsumerdependence,companiesmusttreateachconsumerasanindependentanddifferentindividual.Thenewshoppingcriterionoftoday'sconsumersis:"Eitherprovideproductsaccordingtomyrequirements,orIdon'twantthem."Thecompany'sanswercanonlybe:"Accordingtotheirrequirements,otherwisedon'tdisturbthem."

  1. Payattentiontodifferentiatedmarketinganddirectsales.UsetheInternetfordifferentiatedmarketingandvigorouslydevelopdirectsalesincludingE-mailmarketing.

  2. Establisharapidcustomerresponsemechanism.Includingquickresponsetocustomeropinionsandsuggestions,complaintsandcomplaints,andafastlogisticsmechanism.Itisnecessarytoseizeeveryopportunitytocommunicatewithcustomerstothegreatestextent,andprovideservicesthatmeettheuniquetimeanddeliveryrequirementsofcustomersasquicklyaspossible.

WebHosting

BasicconceptofInternetmarketinghosting:Internethostingbusinessreferstothedomesticnetworkthatisentrustedbytheusertomanagetheuser’sownorrenteddomesticnetwork,Networkelementsorequipment,includingprovidinguserswithequipmentplacement,networkmanagement,operationandmaintenanceservices,andprovidinguserswithinterconnectionandothernetworkapplicationmanagementandmaintenanceservices.

Webhostingbusinessconditions:

ChapterOnePurposeofFormulation

ThefirstarticleistostrengthenCommunicationnetworksecuritymanagement,improvethemaintenancequalityofcommunicationnetworkfacilitiesandthecommunicationqualityofthewholenetwork,inaccordancewiththe"People'sRepublicofChinaTelecommunicationsRegulations"and"TelecommunicationsBusinessLicenseManagementMeasures",formulatetheseregulations.

Article2Anyenterpriseengagedinnetworkhostingbusinessshallobtainthe"NetworkHostingBusinessLicense"asrequiredbeforeproceedingwithmaintenanceworksuchascommunicationequipmentandlines.

Chapter2ApplicationandApproval

Article3Enterprisesthatapplyforthe"NetworkCustodyBusinessLicense",inadditiontoprovidingapplicationforvalue-addedtelecommunicationsbusinesslicenseInadditiontotherequiredmaterials,youshouldalsosubmit:

(1)Resume,appointmentdocuments,jobtitle,academicqualificationsandIDcopyofthemanager,technicalpersonincharge,andfinancialpersonincharge;

(2)Copyofprofessionaltitlecertificate,specialtypeofworkqualificationcertificateandIDcardofengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelandeconomicmanagementpersonnel;

(3)Copyofotherqualificationcertificatesthattheenterprisehasobtained;

(4)Alistoftools,instruments,vehiclesandotherequipmentrequiredformaintenancework;

(5)Otherrelevantcertificatesandmaterialsthatneedtobeissued.

ChapterIIIBusinessScopeandEvaluationStandards

Article4Themaintenanceservicebusinessscopeinthenetworkhostingbusinessincludestransmission,exchange,data,basestation,Maintenanceofpowersupplyandotherequipmentaswellascommunicationopticalcables,pipelines,andcommunicationtowers.

Article5RelevantConditions

(1)Qualificationsofthemainpersoninchargeoftheenterprise:Thepersoninchargeoftheenterpriseandthepersoninchargeoftechnologyshouldhavemorethan3yearsofexperienceincommunicationconstructionormaintenancemanagement,andIntermediateorabove;thepersoninchargeoffinanceshouldhaveajuniororaboveprofessionaltitle.

(2)Requirementsfortechnicalpersonnel:

1.Therearenolessthan15engineering,technicalandeconomicmanagementpersonnelwithintermediateprofessionaltitlesorabove;amongthem,thereareseniorprofessionaltitlesincommunicationsoramaster’sdegree3Therearenolessthan2personsovertheageoftwo,andnolessthan8personswithintermediateprofessionaltitlesincommunicationsorover3yearsofundergraduategraduation.

2.Atleast5peopleonbehalfoftheIronTowershallholdacertificateofascendingissuedbythelabordepartment.

3.Thenumberofretirees(notover65)employedbythecompanyshallnotexceed1/3ofthetotalnumber.

(3)Theregisteredcapitaloftheenterpriseshallnotbelessthan1millionyuan.

(4)Equippedwithequipment,instruments,metersandtools,vehicles,etc.toundertakecorrespondingprofessionalmaintenanceoperations.

ChapterIVSupervisionandAdministration

Article6Thenetworkcustodybusinesslicenseshallimplementanannualinspectionsysteminaccordancewiththe"AdministrativeMeasuresforTelecommunicationsBusinessLicense."

(1)Inadditiontothematerialsstipulatedinthe"AdministrativeMeasuresforTelecommunicationsBusinessLicense",theannualinspectionmaterialsshallalsobesubmittedwiththeannualinspectionopinionsissuedbytheengineeringqualitydepartment.

(2)Theannualinspectionopinionsissuedbytheengineeringqualitydepartmentwillbeoneofthequalificationsfortheannualinspectionofthe"NetworkHostingBusinessLicense".

1.Qualificationsfortheannualinspectionopinions:

(1)Thecompany'sconditionsareinfullcompliancewiththeannualinspectionstandards,andthemaintenancequalityisqualified,andnomajorsafetyaccidentshaveoccurred;

(2)Thenumberofcommunicationengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelreachesmorethan80%oftheprescribedstandards.

2.Inoneofthefollowingsituations,theannualinspectionopinionconcludesas"unqualified":

(1)Communicationengineeringandtechnicalpersonnelhavenotreached80%oftheprescribedstandards;

(2)Amajormaintenancequalityandsafetyresponsibilityaccidentoccurred.

Article7Licensedenterprisesmustpractisewithinthescopeofbusinessspecifiedintheapprovedlicenseregistration,andmustnotundertakebusinessbeyondthescope.ViolationoftheseregulationsshallbepunishedinaccordancewithArticle34oftheLicenseManagementMeasures.

NetworkSecurity

Networksecurityisanimportantissuerelatedtonationalsecurityandsovereignty,socialstability,andtheinheritanceanddevelopmentofnationalculture.Itsimportanceisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantasthepaceofglobalinformatizationaccelerates."Thedoortothehomeisthedoortothecountry",andthesecurityissuebrooksnodelay.

Networksecurityisacomprehensivedisciplineinvolvingcomputerscience,networktechnology,communicationtechnology,cryptographictechnology,informationsecuritytechnology,appliedmathematics,numbertheory,informationtheoryandotherdisciplines.

Networksecuritymeansthatthehardwareandsoftwareofthenetworksystemandthedatainthesystemareprotectedfromaccidentalormaliciousreasonsfrombeingdamaged,changed,orleaked,andthesystemoperatescontinuously,reliably,andnormally.Thenetworkserviceisnotinterrupted.

Networksecurityisessentiallyinformationsecurityonthenetwork.Inabroadsense,allrelevanttechnologiesandtheoriesrelatedtotheconfidentiality,integrity,availability,authenticityandcontrollabilityofinformationonthenetworkaretheresearchfieldsofnetworksecurity.

Thespecificmeaningofnetworksecuritywillvarywiththe"angle"ofchange.Forexample:Fromtheperspectiveofusers(individuals,companies,etc.),theyhopethatinformationinvolvingpersonalprivacyorbusinessinterestswillbeprotectedbyconfidentiality,integrity,andauthenticitywhentransmittedoverthenetwork.Avoidotherpeopleoropponentsusingeavesdropping,impersonation,tampering,denialandothermeanstoinfringeontheinterestsandprivacyofusers,accessanddamage.

Fromtheperspectiveofnetworkoperationsandadministrators,theywanttoprotectandcontroltheaccess,readingandwritingoflocalnetworkinformationtoavoid"trapdoors",viruses,illegalaccess,denialofserviceandThreatssuchasillegaloccupationofnetworkresourcesandillegalcontrol,tostopanddefendagainstattacksbynetworkhackers.

Forsecurityandconfidentialitydepartments,theyhopetofilterandpreventillegal,harmfulorstatesecretinformation,avoidleakageofconfidentialinformation,avoidharmtosocietyandcausehugedamagetothecountryloss.

Fromtheperspectiveofsocialeducationandideology,unhealthycontentontheInternetwillhindersocialstabilityandhumandevelopmentandmustbecontrolled.

Cybersecuritylegislation

OnNovember7,2016,the24thmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeofthe12thNationalPeople’sCongresspassedtheSecurityLaw.Thisisthebasiclawinthefieldofinternetinourcountry,whichclearlystrengthenstheprotectionofpersonalinformationandcombatsinternetfraud.ThislawwillcomeintoeffectonJune1,2017.

Thereare7chaptersand79articlesintheCyber​​SecurityLaw,with6outstandinghighlights:first,itclarifiestheprincipleofcyberspacesovereignty;second,itclarifiesthesecurityobligationsofnetworkproductandserviceproviders;Third,clarifythesecurityobligationsofnetworkoperators;fourth,furtherimprovethepersonalinformationprotectionrules;fifth,establishakeyinformationinfrastructuresecurityprotectionsystem;sixth,establishthecross-bordertransmissionofcriticalinformationinfrastructureimportantdatatheruleof.

The"Cyber​​SecurityLaw"hasplayedanimportantbasiclegislativerole,providedastrongbasisforalargenumberoflawenforcementactivities,andinitiallyachievedtheestablishedgoalofmaintainingmycountry'snetworksecurity.

Theoriginofonlinegames

Businessmodel:Therapidexpansionoftheonlinegamemarkethasstimulatedthedevelopmentoftheonlineserviceindustry,andonlinegameshaveenteredtheageoffees.Manyconsumersarewillingtopayhighfees.playonlinegames.FromUS$12perhourin"KismaIsland"toUS$6perhourinGEnie,themainstreambillingmethodforsecond-generationonlinegamesishourlybilling.Althoughtherehavebeenspecialcasesofmonthlybilling,ithasnotbeenformed.climate.

In1978attheUniversityofEssexintheUnitedKingdom,RoyTrubshawusedDEC-10towritetheworld’sfirstMUDgame-"MUD1",whichisapuretextThemultiplayerworldhas20interconnectedroomsand10commands.Afterloggingin,userscaninteractwithcomputersthroughthedatabaseorcommunicatewithotherplayersthroughthechatsystem.

AfterTrubshawlefttheUniversityofEssex,hetransferredthemaintenanceofMUD1toRichardBartle,whousedTrubshaw’sspeciallanguageforMUD-"MUDDL"tocontinueToimprovethegame,heincreasedthenumberofroomsto400,furtherimprovedthedatabaseandchatsystem,addedmoretasks,andmadeascoringprogramforeachplayer.

AftertheUniversityofEssexwasconnectedtoARPAnetin1980,thenumberofplayersfromabroadincreasedsignificantly,devouringalotofsystemresources,andtheschoolhadtolimittheuser'slogintimetoreducetheloadofDEC-10.Intheearly1980s,forthepurposeofsharingandcommunication,BattreleasedthesourcecodeanddiskofMUD1forreferencebycolleaguesandresearchersfromotheruniversities,sothissetofsourcecodeswascirculated.Bytheendof1983,hundredsofillegalcopieshadappearedonARPAnet,MUD1spreadrapidlyaroundtheworld,andmanynewversionsappeared.Today,thisoldestMUDsystemhasbeenlicensedtoCompuServe,oneofthelargestonlineinformationserviceorganizationsintheUnitedStates,andhasbeenrenamed"LegendofBritain".Itisstillinoperationandhasbecomethelongest-runningMUDsystem..

MUD1isthefirstreal-timemultiplayerinteractiveonlinegameinthetruesense,whichcanensurethecontinuousdevelopmentoftheentirevirtualworld.Althoughthissystemrestartsseveraltimesaday,thescenes,monstersandpuzzlesinthegameremainunchangedaftertherestart,whichallowstheplayer'sroletobecontinuouslydeveloped.AnotherimportantfeatureofMUD1isthatitcanrunonanyPDP-10computerintheworld,notlimitedtotheinternalsystemoftheUniversityofEssex.

In1982,JohnTaylorandKeltonFlynnformedtheKesmaicompany.Thiscompanyhasleftmanymonumentalworksinthehistoryofonlinegames.Kesmai’sfirstcontractwassignedwithCompuServe.Atthattime,JohnTaylorsawanadvertisementcalled"MegaWars"fromCompuServe-"Ifyoucanwriteagamelikethis,youHewasabletogetamonthlyroyaltiesof30,000USdollars."Hesentacopyofthemanualfor"TheIslandofKesmai"(TheIslandofKesmai)developedwithKeltonFlynntoCompuServeatthetime.BillLodenofthegamebusiness,Lodenisveryinterestedinthis."TheIslandofKesmai"runsonaUNIXsystem,andCompuServeusesaDEC-20computer,soKesmaire-developedaDEC-20versionforCompuServe.Thisgamehasbeeninoperationforabout13years,andofficiallystartedchargingin1984,atarateof$12perhour.Inthesameyear,MUD1alsolauncheditsfirstcommercialversiononCompunetintheUK.

In1984,MarcJacobsformedAUSI(thepredecessorofMythicEntertainment,thedeveloperof"TheDarkAgeofKingArthur")andlaunchedthegame"Aradath".Jacobsbuiltaserverplatforminhishomeandinstalled8phonelinestorunthistextrole-playinggame.Thechargeforthegameis$40permonth.Thisisthefirstnetworkinthehistoryofonlinegamesthatusesamonthlysubscriptionsystem.Forgames,themonthlyfeesystemisconducivetoacceleratingtheprocessofpopularizationofonlinegames,andwillplayanimportantroleinthepopularizationofonlinegames.Unfortunately,themonthlysubscriptionsystemdidnothavetheconditionstogrowupatthetime.In1990,AUSIsetthepricefor"Dragon'sGate"(Dragon'sGate)at$20perhour.Althoughtherateisastonishinglyhigh,therearestillpeoplewhoarewillingtospenditeverymonth.Itcostmorethan2,000USdollarstoplaythisgame,sointhelate80sandearly90s,themonthlysubscriptionsystemdidnotattractpeople'sattention.

In1985,BillLowdenpersuadedtheinformationservicesdepartmentofGeneralElectricCompany(GE)toinvestintheestablishmentofaCompuServe-like,commercialized,ASCIItext-basednetworkserviceplatform,whichwascalledItisGEnie(GENetworkforInformationExchange).GEniewasofficiallylaunchedinOctober,anditslowfeeshavearousedgreatrepercussionsamongusers,andalsomadeCompuServe,whichhasalwayshadastrongsenseofsuperiority,feelthepressureofcompetition.TheGEniesystemactuallyusestheserversoftheGEInformationServicesDepartmenttoprovideservicestousersduringthefreetimeatnight,sothechargeisverylow.Thepriceatnightisabout$6perhour,whichisalmosthalfofCompuServe.

Usageofnetworkhardwareandsoftware

Router

Simplyput,therouterisequivalenttoasharingdevice.

Therouterisamulti-portdevicethatcanconnecttolocalandwideareanetworkswithdifferenttransmissionratesandruninvariousenvironments,anditcanalsousedifferentprotocols.TherouterbelongstothethirdlayeroftheOSImodel.Thenetworklayerguidesdatatransmissionfromonenetworksegmenttoanother,andcanalsoguidedatatransmissionfromonenetworktoanother.Inthepast,routersusedtobeslowerthanswitchesandbridgesduetoexcessiveattentiontothethirdorhigherlayerdata,suchasprotocolsorlogicaladdresses.Therefore,unlikebridgesandLayer2switches,routersareprotocol-dependent.Beforetheyuseacertainprotocoltoforwarddata,theymustbedesignedorconfiguredtorecognizetheprotocol.

Traditionalstand-aloneLANroutersareslowlybeingreplacedbyLayer3switchesthatsupportroutingfunctions.Buttheconceptofroutersisstillveryimportant.StandaloneroutersarestillanoptionforconnectingremoteusersusingWANtechnology.

osinetworkstructure

AreferencemodelOSIseven-layermodelproposedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO):

7applicationlayer6Representationlayer5Sessionlayer4Transportlayer3Networklayer2Datalinklayer1Physicallayer

Wirelessrouter

ThewirelessrouterhaswirelesscoverageFunctionalrouter,itismainlyusedforuserstosurftheInternetandwirelesscoverage.Thewirelessroutercanberegardedasarepeater,whichforwardsthebroadbandnetworksignalfromthewallinthehometothenearbywirelessnetworkequipment(laptop,wifi-enabledmobilephone,etc.)throughtheantenna.Thepopularwirelessroutersonthemarketgenerallysupportfouraccessmethodsofdedicatedlinexdsl/cable,dynamicxdsl,andpptp.Italsohasothernetworkmanagementfunctions,suchasdhcpservice,natfirewall,macaddressfilteringandsoon.

Switch

Switch(switch)isakindofinformationexchangeinthecommunicationsystemFunctionalequipment.ItisanetworkdevicebasedonMACaddressrecognitionandcapableofencapsulatingandforwardingdatapackets.Theswitchcan"learn"theMACaddressandstoreitintheinternaladdresstable.Byestablishingatemporaryswitchingpathbetweentheoriginatorandthetargetreceiverofthedataframe,thedataframecandirectlyreachthedestinationaddressfromthesourceaddress.Broadlyspeaking,therearetwotypesofnetworkswitches:WANswitchesandLANswitches.WANswitchesaremainlyusedinthetelecommunicationsfieldtoprovideabasicplatformforcommunications.TheLANswitchisusedinthelocalareanetworktoconnecttoterminalequipment,suchasPCsandnetworkprinters.

NetworkBridge

Networkbridgesaredevicesthatlookabitlikerepeaters.Ithasasingleinputportandoutputport.Thedifferencebetweenitandarepeateristhatitcanparsethedataitsendsandreceives.ThebridgebelongstothedatalinklayeroftheOSImodel;thedatalinklayercanperformflowcontrol,errorcorrectionprocessing,andaddressallocation.Thebridgecanparsetheframesitacceptsandcaninstructhowtotransferthedatatothedestination.Inparticular,itcanreadthedestinationaddressinformation(MAC)anddecidewhethertoforward(retransmit)thepackettoothersegmentsofthenetwork,andifthedestinationaddressofthepacketisinthesamesegmentasthesourceaddress,itcanbefilteredout.Whennodestransmitdatathroughthebridge,thebridgewillestablishafilteringdatabase(knownastheforwardingtable)basedontheknownMACaddressesandtheirlocationsinthenetwork.Thebridgeusesthefilteringdatabasetodecidewhethertoforwardthepacketorfilteritout.

Gateway

Thegatewaycannotbecompletelyclassifiedasakindofnetworkhardware.Ingeneralterms,theyshouldbeacombinationofsoftwareandhardwarethatcanconnectdifferentnetworks.Inparticular,theycanusedifferentformats,communicationprotocolsorstructurestoconnecttwosystems.Unlikewhatwasdiscussedearlierinthischapter,thegatewayactuallyrepackagestheinformationsothattheycanbereadbyanothersystem.Inordertoaccomplishthistask,thegatewaymustbeabletorunonseverallayersoftheOSImodel.Thegatewaymustcommunicatewithapplications,establishandmanagesessions,transmitencodeddata,andparselogicalandphysicaladdressdata.

Thegatewaycanbelocatedonaserver,PCormainframe.Becausegatewayshavepowerfulfunctionsandarerelatedtoapplicationsmostofthetime,theyaremoreexpensivethanrouters.Inaddition,becausethetransmissionofgatewaysismorecomplicated,theirdatatransmissionspeedislowerthanthatofbridgesorrouters.Justbecausethegatewaysareslow,theymaycausenetworkcongestion.However,insomecases,onlythegatewaycandothejob.Inyouronlinecareer,youarelikelytoheardiscussionsaboutgatewaysinthecontextofemailsystems.Commongateways,includingemailgateways,aredescribedasfollows:

-Emailgateway:Thiskindofgatewaycantransferdatafromonetypeofsystemtoanother.Forexample,anemailgatewaycanallowpeoplewhouseEudoraemailtocommunicatewithpeoplewhouseGroupWiseemail.

-IBMmainframegateway:Throughthiskindofgateway,canestablishandmanagecommunicationbetweenapersonalcomputerandIBMmainframe.

-Internetgateway:ThiskindofgatewayallowsandmanagestheaccessbetweenthelocalareanetworkandtheInternet.TheInternetgatewaycanrestrictcertainLANusersfromaccessingtheInternet.viceversa.

-Localareanetworkgateway:Throughthiskindofgateway,thelocalareanetworknetworksegmentsrunningdifferentprotocolsorrunningondifferentlayersoftheOSImodelcancommunicatewitheachother.TheroutercanactasaLANgatewayevenwithonlyoneserver.TheLANgatewayalsoincludesaremoteaccessserver.ItallowsremoteuserstoaccesstheLANthroughdial-up.

NetworkProtocol

ALANcanbecomposedofaseriesofsubnets,andaWAN,suchastheInternet,canbecomposedofaseriesofautonomousnetworks.LANcanonlyuseEthernet,whileWANmayincludeEthernet,tokenring,X.25,andothernetworks.ThroughtheInternetProtocol(IP),apacketcanbesenttodifferentsubnetsoftheLANanddifferentnetworksoftheWAN.TheconditionisthatthetransmissionoptionsusedbythesenetworksmustbecompatiblewithTCP/IP.Theseoptionsinclude:

Ethernet,TokenRing,X.25,FDDI,ISDN,FrameRelay,(withconversion)ATM,networktransmissionheader(forexample,Ethernet)

IPThebasicfunctionistoprovidedatatransmission,packetaddressing,packetrouting,segmentationandsimplepacketerrordetection.ThroughIPaddressingconventions,datacanbesuccessfullytransmittedandroutedtothecorrectnetworkorsubnet.Eachnetworknodehasa32-bitIPaddress,whichcooperateswitha48-bitMACaddresstocompletenetworkcommunication.Theaddressnotonlyidentifiesagivennetwork,butalsoindicateswhichnodeonthenetwork.

TCPandIP

TCP/IPprotocol(TransferControlProtocol/InternetProtocol)iscalledtransmissioncontrol/Internetprotocol,alsocallednetworkcommunicationprotocol,itincludeshundredsofvariousfunctionsProtocolssuchasremotelogin,filetransferande-mail,etc.,whileTCPprotocolandIPprotocolaretwobasicandimportantprotocolstoensurecompletedatatransmission.ItisusuallysaidthatTCP/IPistheInternetprotocolsuite,notjustTCPandIP.

ThebasictransmissionunitofTCP/IPprotocolisdatagram.TheTCPprotocolisresponsiblefordividingthedataintoseveralpacketsandaddingaheadertoeachpacket;theIPprotocoladdsthehostaddressofthereceivingendtoeachheader,sothatthedatafindswhereitwantstogo.Ifdataloss,datadistortion,etc.occurduringthetransmission,theTCPprotocolwillautomaticallyrequirethedatatoberetransmittedandre-packetized.Inshort,theIPprotocolguaranteesdatatransmission,andtheTCPprotocolguaranteesthequalityofdatatransmission.

ThetransmissionofTCP/IPprotocoldataisbasedonthefour-layerstructureoftheTCP/IPprotocol:applicationlayer,transportlayer,networklayer,andInternetinterfacelayer.Whendataistransmitted,itmustbeonthedataeverytimeitpassesthroughonelayer.Addapacketheader,wherethedataisusedbythesamelayerprotocolatthereceivingend,andatthereceivingend,theusedpacketheadershouldberemovedaftereachlayerpasses,soastoensurethattheformatofthetransmitteddataiscompletelyconsistent.

IPaddress

Basicconcept

InternetreliesonTCP/IPprotocoltorealizetheinterconnectionofdifferenthardwarestructures,differentoperatingsystems,anddifferentnetworksystemsonaglobalscale.OntheInternet,theIPaddressesthateachnodereliesonaredistinguishedandconnectedwitheachother.TheIPaddressisa32-bitbinarynumberaddress,composedof48-bitfields,eachfieldisseparatedbyadot,usedtoidentifytheTCP/IPhost.

EachIPaddresscontainstwoparts:networkIDandhostID.ThenetworkIDidentifiesallhostsonthesamephysicalnetwork,andthehostIDidentifieseachhostonthephysicalnetwork,soeverycomputerontheentireInternetisidentifiedbyitsownIPaddress.

TheIPaddressformsthebasisoftheentireInternet.ItissoimportantthateverynetworkedcomputerhasnorighttosetitsownIPaddress.Thereisaunifiedorganization-IANAthatisresponsibleforassigningnetworkIDstotheorganizationsapplyingforit.,AndtheorganizationcanassignahostIDtoeachhostinitsnetwork,justasanorganizationhasnorighttodetermineitsownstreetnameandhousenumberinthecitytowhichitbelongs,butcanindependentlydeterminethenumberofeachofficewithintheorganization.

StaticIPandDynamicIP

TheIPaddressisa32-bitbinarynumberaddress.Intheory,thereareabout4billion(2tothe32thpower)possibleaddresscombinations,Thisseemstobealargeaddressspace.Infact,accordingtothedifferentbitrulesofnetworkIDandhostID,IPaddressescanbedividedintoA(7-digitnetworkIDand24-digithostID),B(14-digitnetworkIDand16-digithostID),C(21TherearethreetypesofnetworkIDand8-bithostID).Duetohistoricalreasonsanddifferencesintechnologicaldevelopment,theallocationofClassAaddressesandClassBaddressesisalmostexhausted,andonlyClassCaddressescanbeallocatedbyorganizationsaroundtheworld.Therefore,theIPaddressisaveryimportantnetworkresource.

ForanorganizationthathasestablishedInternetservices,becauseitshostopensupaccessservicessuchasWWW,FTP,E-mail,etc.,itusuallypublishesafixedIPaddresstofacilitateuseraccess.Ofcourse,digitalIPisinconvenienttorememberandidentify.Peoplearemoreaccustomedtoaccessinghoststhroughdomainnames,anddomainnamesactuallystillneedtobetranslatedintoIPaddressesbydomainnameservers(DNS).Userscaneasilyremember,andformostdial-upInternetusers,duetothediscretenatureoftheironlinetimeandspace,assigningafixedIPaddress(staticIP)toeachuserisveryundesirable,whichwillresultinanIPaddressGreatwasteofresources.Therefore,theseusersusuallyautomaticallyobtainadynamicIPaddresseverytimetheydialthehostoftheISP.Theaddressisofcoursenotarbitrary,butanaddressinthelegalrangeofthenetworkIDandthehostIDappliedbytheISP.TheIPaddressofadial-upuserislikelytobedifferentforanytwoconnections,buttheIPaddressdoesnotchangeduringeachconnection.

Network-relatedknowledge

1.Flownetwork(FlowNetwork)canalsobereferredtoasnetwork(Network).

Generallyusedtomodelpipelinesystems,transportationsystems,andcommunicationsystems,sometimesspecificallyreferredtoascomputernetworks,orspecificallyrelatedtotheInternet.Asystemcomposedofvariousindividuals,suchas:interpersonalnetworks,transportationnetworks,andpoliticalnetworks.

2.Agraphcomposedofnodesandconnections,representingtheresearchobjectsandtheirmutualconnections.

Sometimesalinewitharrowsindicatesthatthereisacertainorderrelationshipfromonenodetoanother.Thevaluemarkednexttothenodeorlineiscalledthepointweightorthelineweight,andsometimesnonumberismarked.Inmathematicaldefinition,anetworkisakindofgraph,anditisgenerallyconsideredtorefertoaweightedgraph.Physicallydefined,thenetworkisamodelabstractedfromsomepracticalproblemsofthesametype.Itiscustomarytocallitwhattypeofnetwork,suchasswitchnetwork,transportationnetwork,communicationnetwork,planningnetwork,etc.Inshort,thenetworkisamodelthatisabstractedfromsimilarproblemsandexpressedandstudiedbygraphtheoryinmathematics.

3.Themetaphoricalgeneralizedmeaning,suchas"interpersonalrelationshipnetwork","informationcommunicationnetwork",etc.Inthesense,itisoftenreferredtoas"net".

4.Generallyrefersto"threenetworks":telecomnetwork,CableTVnetwork,ComputerNetwork.ThenarrowmeaningistheInternet.

5.Networkintheabstractsense.Suchasurbannetworks,transportationnetworks,socialnetworks,etc.

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