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Political arithmetic



Briefintroduction

Thecontentofthebook"PoliticalArithmetic"canbesummarizedintotwoparts:Thefirstpartincludeschapters1to5,whichisacomparisonofthenationalconditionsandnationalstrengthsoftheUnitedKingdom,theNetherlands,andFrance;Thesecondpartincludeschapterssixtoten,whichistheanalysisofthenationalconditionsandstrengthoftheUnitedKingdomanditsgrowth.

Thepurposeofthefirstchapteristoexplain:asmallcountrywithasmallterritoryandasmallpopulation,duetoitssuperiorlocation,industry,andpolicy,canbeasfarawayasthepopulationandlargeintermsofwealthandpower.Countrieswithfarandvastterritoriescompeteagainsteachother.Inthisregard,theconvenienceofnavigationandwatertransportationinparticularplaysthemostsignificantandfundamentalrole;Chapter2explainsthatcertaintaxesandcharitablecontributionswillincreasethekingdom’swealthinsteadofreducingit;Chapter3isapetitionfortheUnitedKingdom.ComparingwiththeFrenchnavalpower,Ifinallycametotheconclusionthat,duetonaturalandpermanentobstacles,FrancewillnotbeabletosurpassBritainandtheNetherlandsintermsofmaritimepower,eithernoworinthefuture.Chapter4comparestheterritories,populations,specialadvantages,territorialdefense,andforeigntradeofBritainandFrance,andfinallyconcludesthatallthepopulationandterritoriesoftheUnitedKingdomhavethesameimportancetowealthandpowerasallthepopulationofFrance.Itisroughlythesameastheterritory.Chapter5analyzesthereasonsthathinderBritain'sstrength.PettybelievesthattheobstaclesthathinderBritain'sstrengtharethedispersionofBritishterritories,theseparationoflegislatures,andthestatusofcolonies.Butnomatterwhat,theseobstaclesareonlytemporaryandcanbeeliminated.

Chapter6isananalysisofBritain’s40-yeareconomicgrowth.PettypointedoutthatBritain’spowerandwealthhaveincreasedinthelast40years.Chapter7estimatesthepercapitaexpenditureintheUK.Chapter8analyzestheincomesituationintheUK.Chapter9estimatestheoperationofUKfunds.Chapter10estimatesthecapitalrequiredfortheUKtooperatetheentirecommercialworldtrade.

Catalogueofworks

ChapterOneAsmallcountrywithasmallterritoryandasmallpopulationBecauseofitssuperiorlocation,industryandpolicy,intermsofwealthandpower,itcancompetewithacountrywithavastpopulationandavastterritory.Inthisregard,theconvenienceofnavigationandwatertransportationinparticularplaysthemostsignificantandfundamentalrole.

ChapterTwoCertaintaxesandcharitablecontributionswillincreasethewealthofthekingdomratherthandecreaseit.

Chapter3France,duetonaturalandpermanentobstacles,willnotbeabletosurpassBritainintermsofoceanpower,eithernoworinthefuturePeopleorDutch.

Chapter4TheimportanceofthepopulationandterritoryoftheKingofEnglandtowealthandpowerdependsonthenaturalconditionsIntheory,thepopulationandterritoryareroughlythesameasallofFrance.

Chapter5TheobstaclesthatpreventBritainfrombecomingstrongareonlytemporaryandcanbeeliminated.

Chapter6Britain’spowerandwealthhavegrowninthelast40years.

Chapter7isone-tenthofthetotalexpenditureoftheBritishKing’ssubjects—ifthispartcanbeleviedfrequentlyIfyougetit,itcansustain100,000infantry,30,000cavalry,and40,000sailors,aswellaspayforallotherdailyandtemporarygovernmentexpenditures.

Chapter8:AmongthesubjectsoftheKingofEngland,thereareenoughidlers.Theycanbemorethantheyarenow.Earnanincomeof2millionpounds,andthereareready-madeandsuitableoccupationsthataresufficientforthispurpose.

Chapter9mycountryhassufficientfundstooperateitsownindustries.

Chapter10ThesubjectsoftheKingofEnglandhaveabundantandconvenientcapitaltomanagethetradeoftheentirebusinessworld.

Catalogofworks

Creativebackground

Whenhewrote"PoliticalArithmetic",itcoincidedwiththethirdAnglo-Dutchwar,bothathomeandabroadThesituationisverygrim.ForeigncountriesarefacingthreatsfromtheNetherlandsandFrance,andthepoweroftheUnitedKingdomisstilllaggingbehindthem,especiallyforeignmarketsandcoloniesareunderthecontroloftheNetherlandsandFrance;domesticnaturaldisastersandman-madedisasters,financialdifficulties,nationalpessimism,andlandrentsarecommonDecline,thekingdomisbecomingincreasinglyimpoverished;thelackofgoldandsilvermakesitdifficultforthepeopletofindemployment;therearemanytaxitems,heavytaxratesaregenerallydeclining,andthenavalforcesarethreatenedbytherapidovertakingofFranceandtheNetherlands;thechurchandthecountryarefacingthesameproblemsastheindustryDangeretc.Inthefaceofthissituation,howtoovercometheprevailingpessimisminthecountry,correctlyunderstandone'sownadvantages,boostconfidenceandmorale,andmeetthechallengesoftheNetherlandsandFrancetoseizeforeignmarketsandcolonieshasbecomeatoppriorityfortheBritishcapitalistclass.Petty's"PoliticalArithmetic"waswrittentomeetthisneed.

Thoughtsonthework

Inthisbook,thearithmeticmethodisusedtoapplyarithmetictotheUnitedKingdom,theNetherlands,theNetherlands,andtheUnitedKingdom.ThenationalconditionsandstrengthofthethreecountriesofFrancewerecomparedandanalyzed.

PedibelievesthatalthoughthesituationintheUKandabroadwassevereatthetime,pessimismwasunnecessary.Don’tbedepressed,but“workhardtoresistthedisastersyouarefacing.”HebelievesthatBritaindoeshavemanyevils,butitshouldalsoseemanyaspectsofprosperityanddevelopment:forexample,London’sarchitectureismoremagnificentthanbefore,andEastIndiaThecompany’scapitalhasdoubled,thelegalinterestonmortgagesisnormal,buildingmaterialshavenotriseninprice,theexchangeisstillbusy,theking’snavyisstrongerthanbefore,manylandshavebeenimproved,foodpricesareverycheap,andsoon.ItwaspointedoutthatifBritaincanimplementthecorrectguidelinesandpolicies,avoiditsshortcomings,andpromoteitsstrengths,itwillbeabletoprosperthecountryandstrengthenitsforces,withsmallvictoryoverthebig,andtheDutchandthelawtoreplaceit.

Abouttheauthor

WilliamPetty(1623-1687),thefounderofclassicalpoliticaleconomyandstatistics,isalsooneofthefoundersoftheRoyalSociety.Pettywasbornin1623inRamsey,Hampshire,England-afamilyofpoortextileworkers.Asateenager,hestudiedGreek,Latin,mathematicsandastronomy,andalsostudiedanatomyinFrance.ObtainedadoctorateinmedicinefromtheUniversityofOxfordin1649.In1951,hewashiredasaprofessorofanatomybytheUniversityofOxford.HewaselectedasamemberoftheBritishParliamentin1658.In1661,hewasmadeabaronandappointeddirectoroflandsurveying.DiedinLondonin1687.

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