history



Broadandnarrowsense

Historicalrelics(11photos)

Historyreferstothedevelopmentprocessoftheobjectiveworldmovement,whichcanbedividedintonaturalhistoryandTherearetwoaspectstothehistoryofhumansociety.Forexample,thehistoryoftheuniverse,thehistoryoftheearth,thehistoryofmankind,thehistoryofbirds,andsoon.Correspondingtotheconceptofhistory,historyalsohasabroadsenseandanarrowsense.Inabroadsense,"history"canrefertoalleventsthathaveoccurredinthepast,notnecessarilyrelatedtohumansociety.

Generallyspeaking,thecommonlyreferredtoashistoryreferstothehistoryofhumansociety.Historyreferstowhathappenedinthepast,andhistoryisanobjectiveexistence.Literatureandhistoryareinseparable.Literatureparticipatesinhistoricalconstructionandinheritanceinitsownway.Thisappliesnotonlytothecreationofhistoricalthemes,butalsotoallliteraryworksandliterarystudies.Historyisnotalittlegirlwhocanbedressedup,andliteraturecannot"empty"history.

Historyisnotshiftedbyhumanwill.However,historyiswrittenbyhumans.Sinceitiswrittenbyhumans,itwillbemixedwithhumanemotions.Humanhappinessandangerknowsorrowandhappiness.So,Thehistoricaltextsyouseeareahistoryofhumanemotions.Historyoccursatanytimeandisatruerecordofpeople'sfreeactivitiesinthepast.Themeaningofitsexistenceistoallowpeopletosummarizethepast,enrichtheirlivesinthefuture,learnfromhistory,anddiscussthepresentwiththepast.

Explanationbyquotation

1.Recordofpastfacts

"ThreeKingdoms·WuZhi·WuZhuBiography""NaluSuYuFanpinisQiCongye...benevolenttoyourMajesty,itishisstrategy."PeiSongzhi'scommentaryquotedfrom"BookofWu":"﹝WuWang﹞hasabriefhistory,althoughhehassparetime,hecanreadthehistoryofthebookandborrowfromthestrangeness.,It’snotjustanexcerptfromthechaptersofthelife."

2.Experience

Thethirdchapterof"TheStrangeSituationI'veWitnessedinTwentyYears":"ThisisthehistoryofthePheasantDaotai."

TheprefaceoftheQinghuangpeople:"Hiswritingisamagnificentchange,anditisastyleoflifewiththehistoryofhislife."

LaoShe's"CamelXiangzi"21:"Mrs.Xiaprobablywon'tkeepaservantwhoknowsherhistory."

3.Referstothedevelopmentprocessofnatureandsociety

3.p>

JinYi's"LiteratureView":"Sincetheancientemperor'scareer,thosewhocanreallycreatewithbarehandsandhavenothingtorelyon,inhistory,therearenomorethanthreeorfourpeople."

:"Historyisdevelopingandenriching."

4.Referstothedisciplineofhistory

LuXun'sLettersCollection·ToCaoJuren:"ChineseLearning,Therearemanypeoplewaitingtobereorganized,thatis,likehistory,itistimetoeditanotherone."

Explorethesource

Themeaningof"history"istheearliestinChineseonlytouse"historical".Thewordrepresents.Theword"history"inoracleboneinscriptionsissimilarto"things"andreferstoevents.XuShen's"ShuowenJiezi"said:"Historyistherecorder;fromthemiddle,themiddle,therighteousness."Hepointedoutthattheoriginalmeaningof"history"istherecorder,thatis,the"historian."Byextension,itrepresentsthethingsrecordedbythehistorian,inotherwords,allthepastthingsrecordedinwords.Inabroadsense,itreferstothedevelopmentprocessoftheobjectiveworldmovement,whichcanbedividedintotwoaspects:naturalhistoryandhumansocialhistory.Historyisanimportanthumanitiessubjectforthestudyofhumanchangesandtheriseofsociety.

Ourcountry’sfirstofficialcompilationofchroniclegeneralhistorytakestimeasthe“outline”andeventsasthe“head”.Chronologicalterminologyadoptsasetofoldtimeterminologyoftheageof"FanPangShetig","FanPang"isequivalentto"Jia",and"Shetig"isequivalentto"Yin".Asforwhyamulti-syllablelanguagestembranchsystemisused,SimaGuangdidnotexplain.Thissetofmulti-syllablestemandbranchtermswasalsousedinthe"Almanac"in"HistoricalRecords",andSimaQiandidnotexplainitssource.Accordingtohistorians,thissetofpolysyllableterminologyusedbySimaQianandSimaGuangistheearliestofficialtimeterminmycountry.Itbelongstothenatureof"huanggang",soitisadoptedasthehistoricalchronologytermtoexpresstheorthodoxyofhistory.

Theterm"history"appearedlate,"ThreeKingdoms·Wushu·BiographyoftheMasterofWu"quoted"BookofWu",MasterWuandSunquan"TheBiographyofHistoryHistory,borrowedTakethestrange".Theword"calendar"before"history"referstoexperience,calendar,thatis,aperiodoftimethathumanshaveexperienced.Whentheconceptoftimeisaddedtotheevent,theword"history"hasthemeaningoftoday.InordertotranslatetheEnglish"history",modernJapanesescholarsattachedtheword"history"tomakeitacorrespondingword.IntheWest,theoriginoftheword"history"inmostlanguages​​comesfromtheGreek"historia",theoriginalmeaningis"investigation,inquiry",anditcomesfromthe"History"(Historia)bytheancientGreekwriterHerodotus,the"FatherofHistory".

Related

Historiography

Historycanprovidepeopletodaytounderstandthepastandserveasareferenceforfuturebehavior.Itisthesameasethics,philosophy,andartasimportanttohumanspiritualcivilizationResults.Thesecondmeaningofhistoryistherecordingandstudyofpastevents.Itisalsocalled"History"or"History"forshort.Subjectsthataresubordinatetohistoryorarecloselyrelatedtoitincludechronology,compilation,genealogy,paleographology,metrologicalhistory,archeology,sociology,andjournalism,etc.Seehistory.Peoplewhorecordandstudyhistoryarecalledhistorians,or"historians"forshort.InancientChina,theyarecalledhistorians.Booksthatrecordhistoryarecalledhistoricalbooks,suchas"HistoricalRecords"and"HanShu",whichareroughlydividedinto"officialrevision"and"minzai".

Inanarrowsense,itonlyreferstotheprocessoftheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofhumansociety.

Inabroadsense:"History"canrefertoalleventsthathaveoccurredinthepast,notnecessarilyrelatedtohumansociety.Inphilosophy,historyunderthismeaningiscalledhistoricalontology,suchasthehistoryoftheuniverse,thehistoryoftheearth,thehistoryofbirds,andsoon.Generallyspeaking,historyonlystudiestheformer,thatis,socialhistory.Nomatterhowthewriterswritehistory,historyexistsinitsownwayandcannotbechanged.Historyisnotalittlegirlwhocanbedressedup.

Therearemanydifferentinterpretationsofthemeaningandnatureofhistory,someofwhicharelistedbelow:

Crocesaid:"Allhistoryiscontemporaryhistory"(CroceWhathesaidisnotliteral,whathesaidisthathistoryonlyexistsinthehistorian'sthinkingandunderstandingofhistory);

Collinwoodsaid:"Allhistoryisthehistoryofthought";

"EncyclopediaBritannica":(1880edition):"Thetermhistoryhastwocompletelydifferentmeaningsinuse:first,itreferstotheeventsandactionsthatconstitutethepastofmankind;second,itreferstotherightThedescriptionofthiskindofpasteventsanditsresearchmodel.Theformeriswhatactuallyhappened,andthelatteristheresearchanddescriptionofwhathappened";

"EncyclopediaoftheSovietUnion":"1.NatureandThedevelopmentprocessofanyeventinsociety.Thehistoryoftheuniverse,thehistoryoftheearth,thehistoryofvariousdisciplines-thehistoryofphysics,thehistoryofmathematics,thehistoryoflaw,etc.canbeincludedinthismeaning.2.AstudyofthespecificanddiversepastofhumansocietyThisdisciplineaimstoexplaintheconcretepresentandfutureprospectsofhumansociety".

History

History:Apersonwhostudiesandrecordshistory.

Officialhistory

Itishistorythathasbeenofficiallyeditedorapproved,andisgenerallymoreauthoritativeandcredible.

UnofficialHistory

Historywithalegendarynatureoutsideoftheofficialhistory.

Historybooks

Historybooksaredividedintoseventypes:

(1)Chronologicalstyle:Compileandrecordhistoryintheorderoftime;forexample,SimaGuangoftheNorthernSongDynastypresidedoverthecompilationThefirstchronicleofthegeneralhistoryof"ZiZhiTongJian".

(2)Biography:Historyisnarratedintheformofbiographies;forexample,thefirstgeneralhistoryofBibiography"ShiJi"compiledbytheWesternHanhistorianSimaQian.

(3)Theendofthechronicle:centeredontheevent,memorizethebeginningandendofeacheventindetail,thetitleisthetitle,theyearandmonthofeacharticle,thebeginningandtheend,coherentwithoutrepetition.Combiningthehistoricaleventsandthespecificroleplayedbythecharactersinthehistoricalevents,thereaderscannotonlyknowthedetailsoftheevents,butalsounderstandtherolesplayedbythecharactersinthecourseoftheevents;

(4)Politicalbookstyle:thestyleofrecordingthesystemofdecreeinthepastdynasties,whichoriginatedfromthe"threerituals".Accordingtothetime,itisdividedintothepastandthedynasty;accordingtothestyle,itisdividedintotheclassicstyleandthemainstyle.

(5)Countrytype:historyrecordedseparatelybycountry.Forexample,thefirstnationalhistorybook"WarringStatesPolicy"compiledbyLiuXiangintheWesternHanDynasty.

(6)Datinghistory:Recordingthehistoryofacertainperiodoracertaindynasty,suchasthefirstDatingHistory"HanShu"compiledbythehistorianoftheEasternHanDynasty,BanGu.

(7)GeneralHistory:Uninterruptedlynarratehistoricaleventsfromancienttimestothepresent,suchas"ShiJi".

Miscellaneous

Whatexactlyishistory?Theabovedefinitionsorexplanationsofhistoryaremostlydeterminedbyrecentormodernpeopleindocumenthistory,butintermsoflogicalsequence,theyareactuallyrelatedtothenaturalhistoryprocessofhistory'sownevolutionandthethoughthistoryprocessofpeople'sunderstandingofit.Itisbasicallythesame."Historyhasambiguities"andtoday's"activity"theory,"learning"or"academic"theoryand"knowledgesystem"theory,"superscience"or"halfscienceandhalfart"theory,"science"theory,Canberegardedastheideologicalortheoreticalmanifestationsofhistorianscorrespondingtotheobjectiveexistencefactsofthefirst,second,third,andfourtherasinthehistoryofhistory.Amongthem,thegeneral"science"theoryinthe"science"theoryandtheothertwohistoricalinterpretationsrespectivelyreflectthetwodifferentperiodsbeforeandafterthefourthdevelopmenteraofhistory;asforthelatter,moreprecisely,itiscontemporaryhistory.Theobjectiveexistenceofpracticeisamanifestationofthetheoreticalformofhistorians,thatistosay,itisthetheoreticalresultoftheabstractunderstandingofcontemporaryhistoricalpracticebyhistoricaltheorists.However,therearemanydifferentopinionsinthehistoriographyfieldinChinatoday,butitistheactualreflectionoftheconfusionofthehistorians'thinkingcausedbytheincreasinglycomplexanddiverserealityofhistoriographypractice;moreover,theirrespectivedefinitionsofhistoriographyhavebeendefinedtoalargeextent.Theinfluenceoftheacademicbackgroundoftheauthorandthespecificcontentoftheresearchobject.

Amongtheseveraldefinitionsofhumanhistorytoday,intermsofthedevelopmentofChinesehistoryinthefuture,themoresignificantonesare:Mr.HeZhaowu’s"superscience"theory,andMr.LiZhenhong’s"speciality,"Comprehensive,holistic,authentic,concreteandempiricalscience"theoryandMr.JiangDachun's"integrationtheory"theory.Amongthem,althoughLiandJiangErsaidthattheywerederivedfromdifferentanalysisanglesandthesameanglesindifferentexpressions,theyarebasicallythesameintheirunderstandingofthecharacteristicsofhistory,sotheycanbefurtherintegratedintoAllthatsaid.Asfarastheresearchstatusisconcerned,ifitispossibletoformatheoreticalschoolwithChinesecharacteristicsinthefutureresearchontheontologyofChinesehistoriography,thentheyareundoubtedlyanexplanationworthyofbeingusedasthetheoreticalbasisfortheestablishmentanddevelopmentoftheschool.

Becausehistoryisnotonlyanactivity,notonlyaspecializedlearningoracademic,norisitnotjustaknowledgesystem,itisalsoascienceintermsofresearchobjectsandtasks.Sexualspecialsubjects.ForChineseMarxisthistory,itisnotonlyascienceinthegeneralsense,butalsoascienceinthesenseoftheformofcompletedscientificknowledge.

Discipline

Overview

Ascienceformedbytakinghistoryastheobjectofknowledgeiscalledhistoryorhistory.Itcanalsoberepresentedbytheterm"history".Theessenceofhistoryisactuallytheprocessandmethodofconvertingactualeventsintohistoryintheformofideasandwords.TheresearchanddiscussiononthepurposeandmethodsofhistorybelongstothecategoryofphilosophyofhistoryintheWest.Theemergenceanddevelopmentofphilosophyofhistorymeansthathistoryhasevolvedfromasimplehistoricalrecordtoastageofhistoricalinterpretationandexplorationofhistoricallaws.Inthebeginning,thephilosophyofhistoryonlycaredabouthowtoimprovethemethodsofhistoricalresearch,butbelievedthatthehistorybeingstudiedandrecordedwastherealhistory.UndertheinfluenceofNeo-KantismandNeo-Hegelianism,peoplehaveanewunderstandingoftheirowncognitiveprocess,andphilosophershavebeguntoredefinehistory.TheItalianphilosopherCroceputforwardthepropositionthat"alltruehistoryiscontemporaryhistory",andbelievesthatthepastcanonlybecomehistorywhenitplaysaroleinthelivesofcontemporarypeople,otherwiseitis"deadhistory",thatis,chronicle.Therefore,thesamehistorywillbeconstantlyrewrittenindifferentperiods.TheBritishphilosopherColinWudefurtherbelievedthat"allhistoryisthehistoryofthought",thatis,historyisareflectionofthehistorian'sthinking,whichvariesnotonlyfromtimetotime,butalsofrompersontoperson.Thematerialistviewofhistorybelievesthathistoricaleventsexistobjectively,whilehistoryisthesubjectiveunderstandingofobjectivehistoricaleventsbyhistorians.Duetohumansubjectivelimitations,theunderstandingofobjectivehistoricaleventsislimited,andsubjectiveunderstandingcannotfullyconformtoobjectivehistory.Therefore,onlycontinuousimprovementisgraduallyapproaching.Thisprocessisconsistentwiththeprocessofnaturalscience.Thiskindofhistoryiscalled"historicalscience".

1.China

Chinesecivilizationhasgonethroughprimitivesociety,slavesociety,feudalsociety,andmodernsociety.Ithascontinuedtodevelopforfivethousandyearsandistheworld’sOneoftheoldestandmostinfluentialcivilizations.AncientChinareliedonadvancedcultureanddevelopedproductiveforcestoestablishmanyprosperousandpowerfuldynasties.TheculturespreadtotheEurasiancontinentandhadagreatinfluenceonEastAsiancountriesinparticular.AftertheWesternIndustrialRevolution,duetothestagnationofsocialsystemsandproductivity,ChinagraduallylagsbehindWesterncountries.In1911,the1911Revolutionoverthrewthemonarchy,andChinabegantoentermodernsociety.AfterthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,ChinaembarkedonthepathofsocialistrejuvenationofChina.

2.TheWest

ThehistoryoftheWestbeganinthe5thcenturyBC.TheancientGreekwriterHerodotuswrotein"History"(alsoknownas"TheHippoWarHistory)recordedtheHippoWarbetweenGreeceandPersia.Fromthenon,historywasseparatedfrommythologyandliteratureandbecameanindependentsubject.Herodotuswasthereforecalledthe"fatherofhistory"bytheRomanphilosopherCicero.However,inHerodotus'srecord,realeventsandfictionaleventsaremixed,andtheyarenotpurehistory.Morethan20yearslater,the"HistoryofthePeloponnesianWar"writtenbytheancientGreekThucydideshadarigorousacademicattitudeanddetailedhistoricalrecords.Itwasthefirst"historyoffaith"intheWest.Inthe2ndcenturyBC,theGreekhistorianPolybiarecordedthehistoryofthecountriesandpeoplesontheMediterraneancoastaroundtheRomanEmpirefrom218BCto146BCin"GeneralHistory"(alsoknownas"HistoryofRome").Ageneralhistoryofthe"world".

Scientificity

History,asatooltoreflectpastfacts,musthaveacertainscientificbasisinitself,soastolaythefoundationfortheentirestageofhumandevelopment.Therefore,areasonablehistoryshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:

1.Ithascertainhistoricalrecordsasabasis.Peopleunderstandancienthistorymainlythroughtheresearchandanalysisofhistoricaldocuments.Ancientbookswithdetailedcontenthavegreatlyimprovedthedialysisofhistoryandhavehighreferencevalue.

2.Thereareantiquitiesorruinsforcomparison.Theantiquitiesexcavatedfromtheancienttombsalsohavereferencevalue,whichcanenablepeopletounderstandthecustomsandcustomsoftheageoftheantiquities.Forruins(suchasSanxingduiruins),scientistscanhaveaclearunderstandingofhistorythroughchemicalelementanalysismethods(suchasC14detectionmethod)orbystudyinggeologicalformations.

3.Inlinewithpeople'sgeneralwishes.Eventhemythsandlegendsarebynomeansmadeupindiscriminately,butstoriesthathavebeenacceptedbythemajorityofworkingpeopleinthelong-termproductionprocess.Asfarasfairytalesareconcerned,theyarestoriesmadeupentirelybypeople'sownthoughts,nothistory.

System

History:thestudyandrecordingofhistory

Archaeology:theidentificationandstudyofhistorythroughphysicalanalysis

Historicalphilosophy:Researchanddiscussiononthemethods,purposes,andlawsofhistory

Chronology:Thesubjectofdeterminingthetimeofhistoricalevents

Documentation:Researchonthemanagementandretrievalofdataanddocuments

Palaeographology:thesubjectofstudyingancientcharactersandmanuscripts

Journalism:thesubjectofreportingincidents,socialphenomena,politicalcurrentaffairs,etc.

Sociology:Thesubjectofstudyingmodern(contemporary)humansocietyandsociallife

Archaeology:Excavatingandinvestigatingancientrelicsanddocuments

Psychologicalhistory:Studyingthepsychologicalmotivationbehindhistoricalevents

p>

Genealogy:Studyingthefamilyanditshistoricalorigins

Futurology:PredictingandStudyingtheFuture

AncientAstronomy:ObservingtheSpaceandCalculatingtheStars

>

HistoricalGeography:Adisciplinethatstudiesthegeographicalenvironmentanditsevolutionarylawsinhistoricalperiods,andprovidesreferenceforarchaeology,etc.

Classification

(1)ByregionDividedinto:Worldhistory,Asianhistory,Europeanhistory,Africanhistory,Oceanianhistory,Americanhistory,Chinesehistory,etc.

(2)Dividedbyera:Prehistory,Ancienthistory,modernhistory,modernhistory,etc.

(3)Bysubject:PhilosophyHistory,ReligiousHistory,ThoughtHistory,HistoryHistoryArtHistory,FilmHistory,ArtHistory,Architecturalhistory,advertisinghistory,culturalhistory,literaturehistory,educationhistory,museumhistory,economichistory,agriculturalhistory,naturalsciencehistory,mathematicshistory,medicalhistory,transportationhistory,etc.

(4)Dividedbytype:humanhistory,animalhistory,planthistory,earthhistory,etc.

(5)dividedbyresearchobject:personalhistory(iebiography),Historyofpainters,historyofkings,etc.

(6)Accordingtothereliabilityofhistory:Officialhistory,unofficialhistory,legend,story,etc.

Researchtrends

Historyisnotclassifiedinthehumanitiesorsocialsciences,butabridgebetweenthem.Theresearchmethodsofthetwomajorfieldsaremerged.Generallyspeaking,historiansworkhardandtrytoanswerquestionsrelatedtohistorybystudyingvariouswrittentexts,butnotlimitedtothis.Theoriginalmaterialsofhistoricalknowledgearedividedintothreetypes:writtenrecords,oraltransmissions,andpreservedhistoricalrelics.Generally,historianswillcombinethreemethodsforunderstandingandresearch,andwrittenrecordsareoftenusedasthefocusofemphasisbecauseitiscommonThetimeofdevelopmentisrecorded.Thisemphasishasledtoanewfield,prehistory,whichcanalsobecalledprehistory,whichstudiestheperiodwhenthereisnowrittenrecord.Sincethetimeofappearanceofcharactersvariesfromplacetoplaceintheworld,themaindifferencebetweenprehistoryandhistoryisdeterminedbyspecifictopics.Inordertofacilitateresearch,scholarsdivideitintodifferentstagesaccordingtothescopeofhumansinthepast.Therearemanywaystoclassifythepast,includingclassificationbyage,classificationbyculturalcustoms,andclassificationbydifferenttopics.Thesethreecategoriesoftenoverlap,suchas"TheevolutionofthelabormovementinArgentina,1930-1945".

Althoughhistoricalresearchtendstospecializeinplaces,times,andtopics,historiansalsocareaboutothercommoncontent.Forothers,historyhasbecomeaverycommonterm,whichistostudyallthethingsofmankindinthepast,andevenaso-calledbroadhistoryhasemerged.Inthepast,thestudyofhistorywasforthepurposeofapplicationortheory,buttherewasonemorething:curiosityaboutthepastofmankind.

ThecontentofBaiduEncyclopediaisco-editedbynetizens.Ifyoufindthatthecontentofyourentryisinaccurateorimperfect,welcometousemyentryeditingservice(free)toparticipateinthecorrection.Gonow>>

This article is from the network, does not represent the position of this station. Please indicate the origin of reprint
TOP