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Soren Kierkegaard



SynonymKierkegaard(Kierkegaard)generallyreferstoSorenKierkegaard(Danishreligiousphilosophypsychologistandpoet)

CharacterDeeds

MelancholyChildhood

SorenKierkegaard(2photos)

SorenKierkegaard(alsotranslatedas:Kierkegaard,pressDanishshouldbetranslatedasQiKeguo),Kierkegaard'sfatherwasbornpoor,andlaterbecamerichbyoperatingwool.Hisfather,amissionary,rapedthemaidandgavebirthtoSorenKierkegaard.Therewere7brothersinthefamily.Hewastheyoungest,andfiveofthemdied.HisfatherconfessedhimselfguiltyforcursingGodandcommittingadulteryinhisearlyyears.Hissecondwifeandfivechildrendiedbeforehim,whichshockedhimevenmore.HewasconvincedthatitwasGodwhospeciallycausedhimtosufferendlesspainandloneliness..HisgloomyandlowstateofmindhadaprofoundeffectonhisyoungestsonSauron.Kierkegaardconsideredhimselfalonely"exception"becauseofhisbirthexperienceandhisbirthdefects(hunchbackandlameness),frailtyandsickness.Therefore,althoughhewasbrilliant,hewaswithdrawnandintrovertedbynature.Itissogrotesquethat,likehisfather,hewasdominatedbyreligioussentimentsofguiltandpunishmentthroughouthislife.Hehadbeensufferingfromdepressionsincehewasachild,thinkingthathehadtwooriginalsinsandthathewouldgotohellafterhedied,sohiswholelifewaspessimistic.Nevertheless,helearnedearlyinlifetokeephisworriesfrombeingnoticedbyothers,andtohidehismelancholywiththeimageofafrivolousplayboy.

StudyingTheology

In1830,heenteredtheUniversityofCopenhagentostudytheology.Hewantedtobeapastor.Hisgraduationthesiswas"Socrates'uniqueironyconcept".Althoughhereceivedatheologydegreeaftergraduation,hedidn’tIagreewiththeteachingsoftheDanishLutheranChurchandhaveneverheldapriesthood.DuringhistimeattheUniversityofCopenhagen,hereadalotofphilosophicalandliteraryworks,andhealsohadastronginterestindramaandmusic.However,fear,tremorandmelancholyemotionsalwaysdominatedhim,whetheritwasthestraylifefrom1836to1837ortheotherin1838.Inhisindependentlifeafterhisdeath,suchaslove,engagementanddissolutionofmarriage,hefeltthathecouldonlychoosebetweendedicationtoGodandmarriage.Inthefuture,hislifewillbemorewithdrawn,andhismentalitywillbemoreabnormal,evenalmostcrazy.

TwistedLove

In1837,whenKierkegaardwasalittlefamousasajournalistwritingacolumn,ImetRegineOlsen,this15-year-oldOfyounggirlsfellinlovewithhim,andtheyslowlytalkedaboutmarriage,andtheygotengagedin1840.Aftergettingengaged,Kierkegaardthoughtheshouldtellthefuturewifehisinnerfeelingssothathecouldshareworriesandpainswitheachotherinthefuture,butwhenhetookallthedepressioninhisheart,especiallyhistwooriginalsins,WhenItoldReginaaboutthefeelingofgoingtohellinthefuture,Reginawasonly17yearsoldandcouldnotacceptsuchaweirdanddejectedthought.Heonlylaughedatwhathesaid,soKierkegaardbelievedthatheshouldnottreathimself.Thepaininhisheartwassharedwiththispuregirl,sohecategoricallybrokeofftheengagementwithher,andfinallyhelearnedfromthenewspaperthatReginawasengagedtoanotherperson.Afterthedissolutionofthemarriagecontract,hefeltevenmorepainfuluntilhisdeath.Inhispreviousdiariesandwritings,hisrelationshipwithReginahasalwaysbeenoneofthethemesofhisself-torturedthinking.

Hecouldnotrelievehisinnerdistressbyperceptualmethods,thatis,hecouldnotrealizehisownexistencebyperceptualmethods,sohebelievedthatthewayoutofhisdistressshouldbelongtothelevelofthought,andtheDanesatthattimeAdmiringGermanthoughtandculture,heembarkedonthejourneyofstudyinginGermanyin1841andwenttotheUniversityofBerlintostudytheprevailingHegelianphilosophyatthattime.ThecoursesofGermanConceptualismareallveryhighideals,pushingeverythingtothetruth,goodnessandbeauty,leavingallthesorrowsandpainsofhumannatureandspecificlifeaside.ThesearealldifferentfromKierkegaard'sideas,soheabandonedtheexplorationoftraditionalphilosophicalthoughts,andinsteadexploredthetruthofChristianity,subjectivityandinnernature.

"ThePirate"incident

Becauseofhisfather,hethoughtthatGodwouldpunishtheirfamily,heconcludedthatGodwilllethimdiebeforehisfather,attheageof34Before—thatwasthelifetimeofJesus.Therefore,hedevotedallhiseffortstothe"LastNon-academicPostscripttotheBookofPhilosophyFragments"publishedin1846ashis"last"work.Hehadplannedtoputasidethepenandretiredtothevillageasapastorfortherestofhislife.Itturnedoutthathelivedfor9yearslongerthanheexpected,andhepickedupthepenagain.Thereasonwasthathehadaconflictwiththenewspaperandengagedinacontroversy,theso-called"ThePirate"incident.Laterlifehadaconsiderableimpact.

InDenmarkatthetime,"ThePirate"wasaweeklymagazinefoundedbytheyoungpoetGoldschmidt.Intermsofitspoliticalinclination,"ThePirate"usedridiculeandsatiretocriticizetheauthoritarian,conservativeandbackwardsocialphenomenafromaliberalposition,butthestyleofthepublicationwasnothigh,anditoftenusedsocialgossiptoexposepersonalprivacy.,Carryoutapersonalattack.Thisweeklymagazineisverypopularamongthegeneralpublicandhasalargecirculation.

GoldschmidtpublishedanarticleinthejournalpraisingKierkegaard,butitcausedthelattertobeextremelydissatisfied.Kierkegaardbelievedthat"ThePirate"wasapublicationthatcateredspecificallytolow-leveltastes,andbeingpraisedbyitwastantamounttoagreatinsulttohim,sohepublishedanarticleinthenewspapersharplycriticizingandexposingthe"Pirate".Thistriggeredafullcounterattackfromthenewspaper.Foralmostawholeyearin1846,the"Pirate"publishedarticlesattackingKierkegaardinseries,ridiculinghisbehavior,andeventalkingabouthisphysicaldefects,clothing,familyproperty,livinghabits,etc.Makeanessay,withcomics.Atthattimecomicswerestillquitenew,andcomicsbecamepublicjokes.ThisdeeplyhurtKierkegaard'sself-esteem,andevenhebecametheobjectofridiculebyurchinsonthestreet.Heoriginallythoughtthathewouldbesupportedbysomepeopleinthepenwar,buttheruthlessrealitymadehimextremelydisappointed.Notonlydidhefailtogetpeople'ssympathy,buthefeltthatpeopleweregloatingbecausehewasmocked.Undersuchcircumstances,heisreluctanttoassociatewithothers,andhistemperamentismorewithdrawn.Whenhetakesaroutinewalkonthestreeteveryday,theonly"faithfulfriend"isanumbrellahecarrieswithhim.

Inthepast,heneverseriouslyconsideredwhatheshoulddoaftertheageof34.Afterhesurvived,hefeltthatGodmighthavedeliberatelygivenhimaspecialmissiontomakehimsufferforthetruthandatthesametimeactasawitnessofthetruth.AndtoexplaintohiscontemporarieswhatisthetruemeaningoftheChristianfaith.Withsuchasenseofmission,hewroteaseriesof"religiousworks."Inexplaininghisviewsasawriter,hesaidthathe"nevergaveupChristianity."Thisisindeedtrue,buthehashisownuniqueunderstandingofChristianityandhowtobeaChristian,whichisnotonlydifferentfromtheorthodoxviewoftheofficialchurch,butsometimesevenpubliclycontradictsit.Withthepublicationofhis"religiousworks"oneafteranother,thedifferencesandcontradictionsbetweenhimandthechurchbecamemoreandmoreacute,andfinallybrokeoutintoanopenconflict.HefiercelycriticizedtheDanishchurch,demandingthatthechurchauthoritiesopenlyadmitthatheviolatedthenobleidealsofChristianityandrepent.HeaccusedthechurchofnolongerbeingabletorepresentChristianityinthe"NewTestament",andbelievedthattheirpreachingdidnotconformtothetrueChristianspirit.Hefeltthathecouldnolongerremainsilentaboutthissituation,andmustberuthlesslyexposed,whileatthesametimeexplainingtothepublichowtobeareal,notaverbalChristian.Thisledtoacompletebreakdownofhisrelationshipwiththechurch.

Diedyoung

Kierkegaarddidnotseekanycareerinhislife,andlivedonahugeinheritance.HepubliclyrebelledagainsttheDanishNationalChurchinthejournalhefounded.HefaintedonthestreetwhenhetookthelastissueofTheInstantmagazinetocopy,andwassenttothehospital.Herefusedthesacramentoftheofficialchurchpastor,cherishedastrongChristianfaith,anddiedafewweekslaterattheageof42.

PhilosophicalAchievements

ImportantfiguresinthedirectionalturningofthedevelopmentofEuropeanphilosophy

Beforethe20thcentury,fewpeopleoutsideScandinaviaknewaboutErkegaard’sname,becausehemainlywritesinDanish.However,Kierkegaard'sthoughthadanimportantinfluenceonChristianity,non-ChristianityandaestheticexistentialistsinEuropeandNorthAmericainthe20thcentury,andbecamethesourceofmodernexistentialism.KierkegaardisconsideredtobeoneoftheimportantfigureswhomadeadirectionalturninthedevelopmentofEuropeanphilosophy.Themaincontentofthetransitionheachievedistoreplacetheexistenceofobjectivematerialandrationalconsciousnesswithlonelyandirrationalpersonalexistenceasthestartingpointofallphilosophy,andtotakepersonalirrationalemotions,especiallyboredom,melancholy,despairandotherpessimisticemotions.Itreplacesthestudyoftheexternalworldandtherationalunderstandingofpeople,especiallythestudyofpurethinking,reasonandlogicinHegelianismasthemaincontentofitsphilosophy.

"Lookforatruththatistruetome,andfindanideathatIamwillingtoliveforanddiefor."

Asanexistentialthinker,heTrytoconnecteverythingwiththeindividual'sownsituationinsteadofextractingtheessencefromittounderstandlife.Hisfirstbook"EitherOneortheOther"focusedonthechoicebetweenfreedomandslavery,andthistopiccanbefoundinalmostallofhiswritings.Heinsiststhatresponsibilityandfatalismareintertwinedinhumanbeings,whichforeshadowstheproblemsofdepersonalizationandcrisisofwilldeepinpsychology.Inhisview,whentheegoincludesmanynon-voluntaryorself-creatingfactors,theegoisstillnotamachine.Heopposedskepticismandfatalisticdetachment.Hetookmoralandethicalresponsibilityasauniversalgoal,anddramatizedthesecularjudgmentanddespairpromotedbythis.Herecognizedthepeculiarmoderndiseaseof"mentalhelplessness"andpointedoutthatself-negligenceorself-isolation,thetrueselfhasneverbeenrealizedorrealized.Tocorrectthisphenomenon,aleapintrustmustbeachieved.Theestablishmentofa"newlife"ortrueselfisanindividualgettingridoftheindividualizationanddifferentiationprocessofcompleteassimilationwithone'ssocialandculturalenvironment.Kierkegaardbelievesthatthisstandardofself-realizationisreflectedandmanifestedinJesus,thecorefigureofChristianity.Intheprocessofoneperson'sself-realization,theotherpersoncanbea"midwife",but"birth"isultimatelyhisownbusiness.

Existentialism

TheexistentialismadvocatedbyKierkegaardemphasizesthatphilosophersshouldexplorelifeissuesinreality.HeopposedtheGermanconceptofspecificallytalkingaboutideals,andthoughtthatthemostimportantthinginlifeistograsppersonalexistenceveryspecifically.Kierkegaardpersonallyfeels"lonely"and"exceptional"abouthimself,sohecreatesasenseofself-existence.Thephilosophyofconcern-existentialism.Kierkegaard’sphilosophycanbesaidtobetheuseofthesimplest,perceptual,methodsinourdailylife,hopingtouseordinary,practical,andspecificmethodstorealizeone’sownexistence,andtorelieveone’sinnerdistressandabsurd.Existencereferstotheexistenceofthispersonatthistime,thisplace,andtheexistenceofafleshandbloodindividual.Therearehappiness,anger,sorrow,andjoyinone'sexistence,andthetruelifecanonlybeexperiencedthroughhappiness,anger,sorrowandjoy.Language,reasonandlogiccannotrevealeachindividual'suniquepersonality,norcantheyrevealthetrueexistenceofhumanbeings.Forthelatter,wecanonlyrelyontheuniquesubjectiveexperienceofeachindividual.Hisindividualisanindividualdominatedbynegativeemotionssuchasfear,trembling,pessimism,anddespair.Thispessimisticandnegativeemotionisthemostauthenticexperienceofone'sownexistence.Itisthisemotionthatdrivespeopletotakeactionandmakeeither-orchoice.

Kierkegaardhastheviewthatrationalthinkingaloneisnotenoughtotriggeraction.Thischoiceisdescribedasaleap.Theremustbeadeterminationtoendthisthoughtprocess,andthisdeterminationmustbegeneratedbypassion.Thepassionthatformsaperson'sselfisreferredtobyhimasindividualinwardnessorsubjectivity.Themostimportantpassions,suchasloveandfaith,donotjusthappenbyaccident,theymustbenurturedandcultivated.Kierkegaardclearlyopposedhisphilosophytotraditionalphilosophy,especiallyhiscriticismofrationalismrepresentedbyHegelasthefundamentaldirectionofhisphilosophy.HebelievesthatthefundamentalerrorofHegel'sphilosophyistoregardlogicalnecessityasthehighestprincipleoftheunityofrealityandtheguaranteeoftheunityofreasonandreality,andthusfallinto"objectivism".Theworldisnothingmorethantheinevitablemanifestationoftheobjectivespirit,andallconcreteandspecialexistencesareexamplesofthisuniversalexistence,andareacertainelementinacertainstageofthewhole.Inthisway,peopleactuallylosetheirautonomyandindependence,losethepossibilityofmakingdecisionsandmakingchoices,losetheirownpersonalityandfreedom,whichwillalsomakethemselvesforgettheirresponsibilityfortheeventsthatoccurredandcanceltheindividual.Thepossibilityoftreatingyourselfandtheworldethically.Hegel'sphilosophyisaphilosophythatsacrificestheindividualanddehumanizespeoplewiththewholeofthought.Itisakindofcontemptforthestatusanddignityofpeople.

Kierkegaard’sexistentialismhastwomainmeanings:oneistheideathatexistenceprecedesessence,anditsmeaningisthathumanexistenceispassiveanddestined(thebirthofamanisamaleWomencannotbedeterminedbythemselves),butpeoplecanusetheirdestinedexistencetocreatetheirownessence.Therefore,whatapersonisexpensiveisnotbecausehehasadestinedexistence,notbecauseofhishistoricalbackground,familybackground,norbecauseofhisbirthstatus,butbecausehehasthefreedomtochoosetotransformhisownessence,howhechoosestobehimselfThosewhowanttodo,choosewhattheywanttodo,thisisthenatureofhumanbeings.ThesecondisthatKierkegaarddividesexistenceintothreelevels:

Perceptualexistence:Perceptualexistenceisusuallythepursuitofone'sownhappiness,thepursuitoffrivolity,andthepursuitofone'sselfishside.Itisfromthemaintenanceoflife.Totheexistenceofenjoyment;

Rationalexistence:isamoreseriousandresponsiblelife,usingrationalandphilosophicalmethodstosolveone'sownproblemsandmakeoneselfperformethicalresponsibilitytoothers.Existencethatfitssocialmorality;

Religiousexistence:Itisalifeofprayerandlove,andtheexistenceofself-consciousnessandreverenceforGod,soastomakethespirithavesustenance.

Inthelast12yearsofKierkegaard’slife,hewrotealot,andhealsopublishedbooksonreligion,philosophy,psychology,andevenhumor.BeforeS.Freud,healsowroteabook"TheConceptofFear"whichwascompletelyaimedatanxiety.HisinnovativeideasinpsychologywerepraisedbyFreud.

Theleapoffaith

Kierkegaardconsidershimselftobeaprophetofanti-culturalChristianity.HedislikesHegel’sthinkingandbelievesthatHegeltreatstheBibleandtheprophetasauthenticChristianityistwistedintoculturalChristianity.ThiskindofculturalChristianityisnotauthenticChristianityatallinhisopinion.Inhislaterbook"TheCrusadeagainsttheChristianKingdom",itisstatedthatinthissocietywhereeveryoneisa"Christian",trueChristianityhasobviouslydisappeared.

HegelhastwoinfluencesonChristianityinGermanyandtheNordiccountries.Firstofall,Hegelintegratedreligionandphilosophy,rationalizedChristianbeliefandspeculativetheology.Secondly,Hegel'stheoryofnationalismhasadaptedtothesocialtrendofthestatechurch.QiKeguostronglyopposesthethoughttrendoftheologicalspeculationandthesocialtrendofchurchnationalization.Therefore,heisnotonlyrecognizedasapioneerofexistentialphilosophy,butalsorespectedasapioneerbyneoconservatism.

Kierkegaard’sconfidencejumpreferstoanxietywhenpeoplefaceadecision,andthisdecisionisajumpingaction,whichcannotbededucedbylogicalmethods.Kierkegaardbelievesthatthefallofmanisalsoanirrationalleap.However,thereisanotherkindofjump,thejumpoffaith,whichcannotbededucedfromthesituationeither.Whenapersonisfacingafatalillnessorinsurmountableanxiety,faithcanhelponeovercomeit.

InKierkegaard’stheory,therearethreestagesoffaithjumping,butthesestagesarenotthekindofstageintime,butincludeaesthetics,ethicsandreligion.Thesethreestagesaremutuallyexclusive.Thereisnoclearseparationbetweenthem.Forexample,inthefinalreligiousstage,therearestillethicalthoughtsandaesthetics.Inparticular,hebelievesthatethicsandreligionaresubjectiveandarederivedfromhisuniqueaesthetics,butaestheticscannotbereasonedbylogic.AndGodistheultimatepremiseofallactionsandthoughts,soitisevenmoreimpossibletoprovetheexistenceofGodbyreasoningandlogic.

Theaestheticstageissomethingheisworthmentioning.Thecharacteristicoftheaestheticstageistwistedwithhumanexistence.Theaestheticshetalkedaboutheredoesnotrefertothecourseofaestheticsitselforart,butastandardofmeasurement.Thestandardisbasedonwhethereveryoneandeverythingcansatisfytheirownaesthetics,thatis,theBibledescribestheJewsforgoodorcorrectthings,whichiscalledgoodandbeautiful"beauty".Thisisthestageofaesthetics..Therefore,heoncecriticizedtheRomanPopeforbeingobsessedwithpagancustomsandmorallycorruptedGreco-Romanart.

Intheethicalstage,Kierkegaardproposedtheconceptof"demonic",whichmeans"self-seclusion",thatis,notgettingoutofoneself.Theoppositeofthissituationofself-isolationislove,whichcanleadpeopleoutofthesituationofself-isolation,andthusovercomethe"magicalnature".Thischaracteristicoflovecanleadtoloverelationships.Inotherwords,intheethicalstage,loveovercomesisolationandproducesasenseofresponsibility,andthroughthesenseofresponsibility,theethicalstagecanbereached.Thereligiousstagetranscendstheaestheticandethicalstages,andcanbedividedintotwotypes:"ReligionA"and"ReligionB".Therepresentativefiguresare"Socrates"and"Jesus".WhatthetwohaveincommonTheyareallexistentialistsintheirviewsofGod.

ReligionAorSocrates’religionbelievesthatthetruthcanbefoundintheexistenceofman,whichmeansthatthebasictruthexistsinthemanhimself.Socrateswantstousedialecticsandexistentialismtosummontruthfrompeople.Heusestwomethods.Oneisirony,whichmeanstosearchfortruththroughthoroughinquiry.Anotherwayismidwifery.Teachersdonotjustteachthetruthdirectly,buthelppeoplediscoverthetruththatexistsinthem,sothattheknowledgethatexistsinhumansisborn.

SomecommentatorshavesuggestedthatSocratescanberegardedasthefounderofhumanitarianism,whichcanberegardedasoneofthequasi-religions,butSocratesdidnotchangetheoverallstateoftheexistenceofothers,becauseThistransformationcanonlybedoneinReligionB.ReligionBbelievesthattruthcannotbefoundamongpeople,soGodmustenterfromoutsideofpeopleandteachpeople,soGodentersintopeopleintheformofChrist.Thisisanotherleap.GodmadealeapacrosstimethroughtheincarnationofChrist.

Becausethereisan"infinitequalitativedifference"betweenGodandman,andmankindisnotonlylimited,butalsosinful;sointhefinalanalysis,manmustrelyondetermination,whichis"Theleapoffaith"embracesthetruthwithinnerenthusiasm.Aleapwithoutfaithwillbecomeareligionwithonlyreason,butthisisdefinitelynotauthenticChristianity.

ThewayofGodishigherthanthewayofman

Theabsoluteparadoxandirrationalityoftheincarnation

Kierkegaardadvocates"subjectivetruth",Itlaidaphilosophicalfoundationfortheneworthodoxtheology,re-searchedforthetheologyofGod'sword,placedfaithinaloftyposition,andonlyregardedreasonasatooltounderstandGod'sword.ItisbecausethebasictruthsinGod’swordsareparadoxicalthatthelawofnon-contradictioninlogic(A≠-A)doesnotworkinChristiantheology,becauseGod’smind(thought)ishigherthanman’smind(thought),andGod’sway(Method)Theroadbeyondhumans(Method).

Kierkegaardopenedtheforefrontofneworthodoxtheologyatthispoint,sodialecticaltheologiansregardhimasanally.Kierkegaard'sdefinitionoftruth,especiallythetruthrelatedtotheexistenceofGodandhumanbeings,refersto"anobjectivelyunknownobject,whichmangrabsthroughthedeepestenthusiasminhisheart,andclingstoit.".However,"whenthesubjectiveandinnertrutharetruth,theobjectivelydefinedtruthbecomesaparadox."Theincarnationisan"absoluteparadox",soitcanonlybedisclosedandunderstoodbyfaith.

Hegeltriedtotreatparadoxasalogicalidea,placedinauniversal,harmonious,andrationaltruthsystem,whichhasthetruemeaningofparadox,andturneditintoasymbolicrepresentationofabstractphilosophicalconcepts.ForKierkegaard,JesusisindeedGod,andindeedman,butthetruthinonebodyisalogicalcontradiction.Therefore,herefutesHegelandbelievesthatthisisanewtruthofrevelation,anditisuptoustodecideItistoacceptorrejectJesusChristasLord.ToestablisharelationshipwithGod,apersonmustbeapersonaldecision,notanabstractreasoning.

Publishingbooks

BiographyofCharacters

KierkegaardwasbornonMay5,1813.

In1821,heenteredtheBurrDiscolenSchool.

In1830,heenteredtheUniversityofCopenhagen.

In1834,hismotherdied.

In1834,hewastaughtbyMaTengsen.

From1836to1837,IlistenedtoPaulMaitreya'slectureongeneralconceptsofmetaphysics.

OnMay8,1837,hevisitedPauletteRoldhambywayandreturnedhalfway.OnMay9th,ImetandmetReginaatPaulette'shouse.InJuly,hemovedoutfromhisfather'shouse.ListentoMaTengsen'slectureondogmatics.

OnMarch13,1838,PaulMaitreyadied.OnAugust8,hisfatherdied.OnSeptember7,"ThesisofaLivingPerson"waspublished.

July3,1840,passedthetheologicalexamination.FromJuly19thtoAugust16th,IvisitedthehometownofJylanSaydin.OnSeptember8,proposedtoRegina.OnSeptember10,Reginaacceptedthemarriageproposal.

OnAugust11,1841,Regina'sengagementringwasreturned.OnSeptember29,defenseofthemaster'sthesis"OnSocrates'ConceptofSatire".OnOctober11,shecompletelybrokeofffriendshipwithRegina.OnOctober25th,wenttoBerlin.

March6,1842,returnedfromBerlin.

OnFebruary20,1843,"EitherThisorThat"waspublished.OnMay8,wenttoBerlinforthesecondtime.IheardthenewsofRegina'sengagementwhileinBerlin.OnMay16,"TwoSermons"waspublished.OnOctober16,"FearandTremor"waspublished."Repeat"ispublished."ThreeSermons"waspublished.OnDecember6,"FourSermons"waspublished.

OnMarch5,1844,"TwoSermons"waspublished.OnJune8,"ThreeSermons"waspublished.OnJune13,"PhilosophyFragment"waspublished.OnJune17,"TheConceptofFear"waspublished."Foreword"ispublished.OnAugust31,"FourSermons"waspublished.

OnApril29,1845,"ThreeLecturesonFictionalScenes"waspublished.OnApril30,"StagesofLife"waspublished.OnMay13,"TheThirdTriptoBerlin."OnMay29,"EighteenSermons"waspublished.OnDecember27th,Iwroteanarticlein"TheMotherland",hopingthat"ThePirate"wouldscoldhim.

OnJanuary2,1846,"ThePirate"publishedanarticleaboutKierkegaardforthefirsttime,togetherwithacartoon.OnFebruary7,Iwanttoendmywritingcareerandbecomeapastor.OnFebruary27,the"Non-ScientificConclusion"waspublished.OnMarch30,"ALiteraryReview"waspublished.

OnJuly13,1847,"SermonsfromDifferentPerspectives"waspublished.OnNovember3,ReginamarriedF.Schlegel.

OnApril19,1848,Igotacertainspiritualandpsychologicalexperienceaftertalkingwiththedoctor.OnApril23,theDanish-PrussianThree-YearWarbrokeout.OnApril26,"TheCollectionofChristianEssays"waspublished.InApril,duetoeconomicdifficulties,hemovedintothenewresidenceNo.156inTonabskgarde.InNovember,"ViewsonMyWritingCareer"wascompleted,butitwasdecidednottopublishit.

InFebruary1849,theideaof​​martyrdombegan.

OnMay14,1849,thesecondeditionof"EitherThisorThat"cameout."LiliesintheFieldandBirdsintheSky"waspublished."TwoEthics-ReligiousEssays"waspublished.OnJuly30th,"DeadlyDiseases"waspublished.OnNovember13,"Priest-PatCollector-GuiltyWoman;ThreeSpeechesattheCommuniononGoodFriday"waspublished.

OnSeptember27,1850,"TheTemperingofChristianity"waspublished;onDecember18,"ASermon"waspublished.

OnJuly7,1851,"MyWritingCareer"waspublished.OnSeptember27,"Introspection."Introducingyourselftothecontemporary"waspublished.

OnJanuary30,1854,theBishopofMünsterdied.OnApril15,MaTengsenwasappointedbishop.OnDecember18,"IstheBishopofMünsteroneofthe"witnessesoftruth"and"thewitnessesoftruetruth"?——Isthatthetruth?"Published.Thisisthefirstinaseriesof21articles.

OnMay24,1855,"SinceIHavetoSayIt;ThenSayItNow"waspublished.Thefirstissueof"Moment"waspublished.OnJune16,"Christ'sEvaluationofOfficialChristianity"waspublished.OnSeptember13,"TheImmutabilityofGod"waspublished.OnSeptember25,theninthissueofMomentwasreleased.Writethelastdiary.OnOctober2,hewasadmittedtoFrederickHospital.HepassedawayonNovember11.

Mainworks

Kierkegaard'sworks(2photos)

KierkegaardpublishedunderhisrealnameandseveraldifferentpennamesHisworksexpresshisanti-dogmatic,anti-authoritativeandmultipleviewpoints.ThefollowingChinesetranslationsdonotincludesubtitles,andworkssignedwithrealnamesdonotindicatetheauthor'sname:

"It'sNotThisorThat"-EditedbyVictorEremita(1843)Enten-Eller.EtLivs-Fragment,udgivetafVictorEremita"TwoInspiringConversation(1843)ToopbyggeligeTaler

"FearandTremor"-byJohannesdeSilentio(1843)FrygtogB瘁PanLu.DialektiskLyrikafJohannesdeSilentio

"Repetition"-ConstantinConstantius(1843)Gjentagelsen.EtForsøgidenexperimenterendePsychologiafConstantinConstantius

"PhilosophicalFragments"(1844)-JohannesClimacus,publishedbyKierkegaardPhilosophiskeSmulerellerEnSmulePhilosophie.AfJohannesClimacus.UdgivetafS.Kierkegaard

"StagesofLife"(1845)-byeveryone,compiledandpublishedbyHilariousBookbinderStadierpaaLivetsVej.StudierafForskjellige.Sammenbragte,befordredetilTrykkenogudgivneafHilariusBogbinder

TheUnscientificConclusion(1846)-byJohannesClimacus,publishedbyKierkegaardAfsluttendeuvidenskabeligEfterskrifttildephilosophiskeSmuler.-Mimisk-pathetisk-dialek-dialek-tiskExistentieltIndl朁,afJohannesClimacus.Udgivenaf​​S.Kierkegaard

"InspiringConversationsofDifferentSpirits"(1847)OpbyggeligeTaleriforskjelligAandafS.Kierkegaard)

Of"Work"(1847)KjerlighedensGjerninger.NoglechristeligeOverveielseriTalersForm,afS.Kierkegaard

"DeadlyDisease"(1849)-byAnti-Climacus,editedbyKierkegaardSygdommentilDøden.EnchristeligpsychologiskUdviklingtilOpv.AfAnticlimacus.UdgivetafS.Kierkegaard

"TheTrainingofChristianity"(1850)-Anti-Climacus,editedbyKierkegaardIndøvelseiChristendom.AfAnti-Climacus-UdgivetafS.Kierkegaard

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